1 00:00:03,470 --> 00:00:05,670 GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE. MY NAME IS MIKE DUNCAN. 2 00:00:05,670 --> 00:00:09,500 I WANTED TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE BIT OF A TRAVEL LOG TODAY AND A 3 00:00:09,500 --> 00:00:15,110 LITTLE BIT OF SOME OF THE BEHIND-THE-SCENES INSIGHT INTO 4 00:00:15,110 --> 00:00:18,660 OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE CHILEAN MINER RESCUE. 5 00:00:18,660 --> 00:00:19,971 IF I COULD HAVE THE FIRST SLIDE, PLEASE. 6 00:00:19,971 --> 00:00:27,989 OF COURSE, OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CHILEANS BEGAN WITH OUR 7 00:00:27,989 --> 00:00:31,199 ASSOCIATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE ON THE 8 00:00:31,199 --> 00:00:35,090 PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE. AND BACK IN JUNE OF THIS YEAR, A 9 00:00:35,090 --> 00:00:40,550 DELEGATION HEADED BY DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR GARVER AS WELL AS 10 00:00:40,550 --> 00:00:43,960 OTHER REPRESENTATIVES INCLUDING DOUG COMSTOCK FROM THE 11 00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:49,210 INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAM AND AL CONDES FROM THE 12 00:00:49,210 --> 00:00:56,700 INTERAGENCY RELATIONS AND OTHERS WENT TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS 13 00:00:56,700 --> 00:01:00,000 COMMITTEE MEETING. AND IT WAS DURING THAT TIME THAT 14 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:03,700 THE CHILEAN REPRESENTATIVES FROM THE CHILEAN SPACE AGENCY AND 15 00:01:03,700 --> 00:01:09,930 THEIR GOVERNMENT MET OUR AGENCY OFFICIALS AND DEVELOPED A 16 00:01:09,930 --> 00:01:13,240 RELATIONSHIP THAT THE CHILEANS DID NOT FORGET. 17 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:19,360 AND WHEN THE MINING ACCIDENT OCCURRED, AND THE MINERS WERE 18 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:24,490 FOUND ALIVE ON THE 22nd OF AUGUST, THE CHILEANS WROTE 19 00:01:24,490 --> 00:01:30,590 DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR GARVER ON THE 23rd OF AUGUST AND ASKED FOR 20 00:01:30,590 --> 00:01:33,590 OUR ASSISTANCE. THINGS PROGRESSED RAPIDLY. 21 00:01:33,590 --> 00:01:39,479 AND AL CONDES WOULD TELL YOU THAT ALL THE INTERACTIONS THAT 22 00:01:39,479 --> 00:01:43,090 WERE GOING ON BEHIND THE SCENES BETWEEN THE CHILEANS, OUR AGENCY 23 00:01:43,090 --> 00:01:47,700 AND THE STATE DEPARTMENT, HE COULD FILL 45 MINUTES OF TODAY'S 24 00:01:47,700 --> 00:01:52,479 PRESENTATION ALONE JUST IN ALL THE THINGS THAT NEEDED TO BE 25 00:01:52,479 --> 00:01:57,549 OUTLINED TO GET US TO CHILE. BUT FROM OUR STANDPOINT, THE 26 00:01:57,549 --> 00:02:02,150 TEAM MEMBERS' STANDPOINT, THAT WAS ALL TRANSPARENT TO US. 27 00:02:02,150 --> 00:02:06,590 ON THE 25th OF AUGUST, WE WERE ABLE TO HAVE OUR FIRST 28 00:02:06,590 --> 00:02:09,340 TELECONFERENCE WITH THE CHILEAN MINISTER OF HEALTH. 29 00:02:09,340 --> 00:02:15,860 AND THEN THE 27th OF AUGUST, THE CHILEAN AMBASSADOR CALLED UPON 30 00:02:15,860 --> 00:02:18,650 GENERAL BOLDEN HERE AT NASA HEADQUARTERS. 31 00:02:18,650 --> 00:02:24,970 AND FROM THAT -- FROM THAT MOMENT, WE WERE ON OUR WAY TO 32 00:02:24,970 --> 00:02:29,700 CHILE TO ASSESS THE SITUATION AND OFFER ANY HELP THAT WE MIGHT 33 00:02:29,700 --> 00:02:35,310 BE ABLE TO HAVE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 34 00:02:35,310 --> 00:02:38,870 SO HERE'S JUST A COPY OF THE LETTER OF THANKS THAT THE 35 00:02:38,870 --> 00:02:43,010 CHILEAN AMBASSADOR WROTE TO GENERAL BOLDEN THE DAY THAT HE 36 00:02:43,010 --> 00:02:45,120 MET WITH HIM HERE AT NASA HEADQUARTERS. 37 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:53,319 AND WITH THAT INCLUDED A MEMO FROM THE MINISTER OF HEALTH 38 00:02:53,319 --> 00:02:58,569 OUTLINING SOME OF THE QUESTIONS THAT THE CHILEANS WANTED US TO 39 00:02:58,569 --> 00:03:03,190 CONSIDER, THAT OF MEDICAL CARE AND FOR LONG DURATION 40 00:03:03,190 --> 00:03:08,140 CONFINEMENT, IN PARTICULAR, THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT THAT MIGHT 41 00:03:08,140 --> 00:03:10,670 BE NECESSARY. IT WAS VERY IMPORTANT FOR THEM 42 00:03:10,670 --> 00:03:16,920 ALSO TO UNDERSTAND ANY REFEEDING ISSUES THAT THE MINERS MIGHT 43 00:03:16,920 --> 00:03:18,940 HAVE. AND THEN, OF COURSE, THEY WERE 44 00:03:18,940 --> 00:03:23,760 INTERESTED IN ANY PARTICULAR ENGINEERING ASPECTS THAT WE 45 00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:27,390 MIGHT HAVE TO SUGGEST. BUT PRIMARILY, THEIR INTEREST 46 00:03:27,390 --> 00:03:30,069 WAS FROM A MEDICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT 47 00:03:30,069 --> 00:03:33,650 STANDPOINT. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 48 00:03:33,650 --> 00:03:37,580 SO BY THE 31st OF AUGUST, WE WERE IN SANTIAGO. 49 00:03:37,580 --> 00:03:42,540 THIS IS ONE OF MY FIRST TAKE-HOME MESSAGES FROM MYSELF 50 00:03:42,540 --> 00:03:46,250 IN THAT YOU NEVER LINE UP BEHIND ALL OF THE MICROPHONES THAT ARE 51 00:03:46,250 --> 00:03:48,800 DISPLAYED OUT IN FRONT OF YOU ON THE TABLE. 52 00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:52,700 MY TEAM MEMBERS WERE MUCH SMARTER THAN I WAS AT THAT 53 00:03:52,700 --> 00:03:57,650 POINT. TO MY LEFT IN THAT SLIDE, THE 54 00:03:57,650 --> 00:04:01,220 MINING MINISTER, GOLDBURN, CAN BE SEEN. 55 00:04:01,220 --> 00:04:07,210 TO MY RIGHT IS MINISTER MANALICH WHO WAS MINISTER OF 56 00:04:07,210 --> 00:04:11,790 HEALTH. IN THE FAR LEFT IN THE SLIDE IN 57 00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:18,069 THE RED TIE IS THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE CHILEAN SPACE 58 00:04:18,069 --> 00:04:19,959 AGENCY. THIS IS PROBABLY A GOOD TIME FOR 59 00:04:19,959 --> 00:04:24,880 ME TO INTRODUCE THE OTHER MEMBERS OF MY TEAM. 60 00:04:24,880 --> 00:04:30,419 DR. J.D. POLK ON THE FAR RIGHT OF THE SLIDE WITH THE BEARD, HE 61 00:04:30,419 --> 00:04:33,000 KIND OF WENT NATIVE ON US WITH THAT BEARD. 62 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:37,229 HE LOOKED QUITE NATIVE AND ACTUALLY FOLKS WOULD COME UP TO 63 00:04:37,229 --> 00:04:41,031 HIM AND ASK HIM QUESTIONS IN SPANISH WHICH, OF COURSE, HE HAD 64 00:04:41,031 --> 00:04:49,910 TO DEFER. MR. AL HOLLAND IS TO THE LEFT 65 00:04:49,910 --> 00:04:51,590 OF THE SCREEN, SECOND FROM THE LEFT. 66 00:04:51,590 --> 00:04:56,020 HE'S AN OPERATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST WITH A LOT OF EXPERIENCE AND 67 00:04:56,020 --> 00:05:01,180 LONG DURATION SPACE FLIGHT DATING BACK TO THE MIR DAYS AND 68 00:05:01,180 --> 00:05:04,560 CONTINUING ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 69 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:07,850 THIRD FROM THE LEFT IS MR. CLINT CRAIG. 70 00:05:07,850 --> 00:05:13,440 HE'S THE PRINCIPAL ENGINEER FROM THE NASA ENGINEERING AND SAFETY 71 00:05:13,440 --> 00:05:17,360 CENTER DOWN IN HAMPTON, VIRGINIA. 72 00:05:17,360 --> 00:05:22,490 I HAD NOT MET CLINT UNTIL WE ALL COLLECTED AT THE AIRPORT IN 73 00:05:22,490 --> 00:05:26,250 HOUSTON, GETTING READY FOR OUR FLIGHT DOWN TO LIMA AND THEN ON 74 00:05:26,250 --> 00:05:31,870 TO SANTIAGO. SO I INTRODUCED MYSELF, THAT I 75 00:05:31,870 --> 00:05:34,930 HAD AN UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE IN NUCLEAR ENGINEERING, THEN WENT 76 00:05:34,930 --> 00:05:38,210 ON TO MEDICAL SCHOOL AND SPENT EIGHT YEARS IN THE NAVY. 77 00:05:38,210 --> 00:05:44,960 HE, OF COURSE, WAS A SUBMARINE COMMANDER, SPENT 26 YEARS IN THE 78 00:05:44,960 --> 00:05:48,820 NAVY, WAS CAPTAIN OF THE TRIDENT SUBMARINE, A LOT OF EXPERIENCE 79 00:05:48,820 --> 00:05:52,389 IN NUCLEAR POWER. AND SO WE EXCHANGED PLEASANTRIES 80 00:05:52,389 --> 00:05:54,200 IN THE AIRPORT. AND ONE OF THE FIRST QUESTIONS 81 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:58,509 THAT CLINT ASKED ME WAS, DID I REMEMBER THE SIX-FACTOR FORMULA 82 00:05:58,509 --> 00:06:02,210 FOR NUCLEAR REACTOR DESIGN AND NEUTRON EFFICIENCY? 83 00:06:02,210 --> 00:06:07,430 AND I MUST ADMIT THAT MY ENGINEERING DAYS WERE LONG AGO. 84 00:06:07,430 --> 00:06:11,260 AND I DIDN'T QUITE REMEMBER THE SIX-FACTOR FORMULA. 85 00:06:11,260 --> 00:06:15,970 SO CLINT REMINDED ME OF THAT FORMULA. 86 00:06:15,970 --> 00:06:18,620 AND THERE IT IS IF ANYBODY IN THE AUDIENCE IS PARTICULARLY 87 00:06:18,620 --> 00:06:22,759 INTERESTED. CLINT IS THE CONSUMMATE ENGINEER 88 00:06:22,759 --> 00:06:26,470 AND WAS A GREAT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ENGINEERING COMMUNITY 89 00:06:26,470 --> 00:06:29,750 WHILE WE WENT TO CHILE. AND, OF COURSE, WHEN HE CAME 90 00:06:29,750 --> 00:06:34,070 BACK, HE WAS VERY INSTRUMENTAL IN GETTING THE TECHNICAL FELLOWS 91 00:06:34,070 --> 00:06:39,590 TOGETHER FROM THE NASC TO HELP WITH SOME OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS 92 00:06:39,590 --> 00:06:41,970 FOR DESIGN OF THE EXTRACTION VEHICLE. 93 00:06:41,970 --> 00:06:47,180 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. SO WHILE WE WERE AT THE MINISTER 94 00:06:47,180 --> 00:06:50,850 OF MINING'S OFFICES THAT FIRST DAY, WE GOT A VERY GOOD BRIEF 95 00:06:50,850 --> 00:06:52,720 ABOUT THE SITUATION OF THE MINERS. 96 00:06:52,720 --> 00:06:57,660 OF COURSE, THE MINERS WERE TRAPPED 2,200 FEET UNDERGROUND. 97 00:06:57,660 --> 00:07:01,319 THEY ACTUALLY WERE SLIGHTLY ABOVE SEA LEVEL BECAUSE THE 98 00:07:01,319 --> 00:07:06,560 MINING ENTRANCE WAS AT ABOUT 800 METERS ABOVE GROUND. 99 00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:14,080 BUT WHAT HAD HAPPENED WAS -- AND YOU CAN SEE IT ON THE SLIDE -- A 100 00:07:14,080 --> 00:07:18,289 700,000-TON -- WHAT THEY CALLED MEGABLOCK. 101 00:07:18,289 --> 00:07:22,770 I'M NOT QUITE SURE THAT THAT REALLY DESCRIBED HOW BIG THIS 102 00:07:22,770 --> 00:07:26,419 ROCK COULD BE. BUT IT ACTUALLY HAD SHIFTED OVER 103 00:07:26,419 --> 00:07:30,930 THE COURSE OF THE 100-PLUS YEARS THAT THE MINE HAD BEEN IN 104 00:07:30,930 --> 00:07:33,360 OPERATION. THEY HAD DONE A LOT OF 105 00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:36,699 EXCAVATION AND HAD BEEN WORKING AROUND THIS MEGABLOCK. 106 00:07:36,699 --> 00:07:42,289 AND ACTUALLY, THE SUPPORT OF THAT MEGABLOCK HAD BEEN 107 00:07:42,289 --> 00:07:45,789 EXCAVATED AWAY. AND IT WAS JUST THAT PARTICULAR 108 00:07:45,789 --> 00:07:49,681 DAY, IT SHIFTED. FORTUNATELY, THE MINERS WERE 109 00:07:49,681 --> 00:07:56,690 DEEP IN THE MINE DOWN WHERE YOU SEE THE MORE PINK COLORATION ON 110 00:07:56,690 --> 00:08:01,479 THAT SLIDE IN THE BLOCK IN THE LOWER LEFT-HAND CORNER. 111 00:08:01,479 --> 00:08:05,420 THEY WERE ON A BREAK. SOME OF THEIR COMPADRES HAD JUST 112 00:08:05,420 --> 00:08:09,200 LEFT DRIVING SOME SUPPLIES BACK OUT OF THE MINE. 113 00:08:09,200 --> 00:08:15,080 THOSE INDIVIDUALS MADE IT OUT, AND NOBODY WAS INJURED IN THE 114 00:08:15,080 --> 00:08:18,069 COURSE OF THE MINE COLLAPSE, OR IN THE COURSE OF THAT MEGABLOCK 115 00:08:18,069 --> 00:08:22,780 SHIFT. BUT IT DID CAUSE ALL ACCESS 116 00:08:22,780 --> 00:08:28,150 ROUTES OR ESCAPE ROUTES FOR THE MINERS TO BE BLOCKED. 117 00:08:28,150 --> 00:08:34,829 THE MINERS ACTUALLY WERE ABLE TO GO AND EXPLORE SOME OF THE -- 118 00:08:34,829 --> 00:08:38,219 SOME OF THE TUNNELS. YOU KNOW, WHEN WE FIRST HEARD 119 00:08:38,219 --> 00:08:41,649 ABOUT THIS, AND I HEARD ABOUT IT PROBABLY JUST AS YOU ALL DID ON 120 00:08:41,649 --> 00:08:46,559 THE NEWS, WE HAD HEARD THAT 33 MEN WERE TRAPPED IN THE SIZE OF 121 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:51,470 AN AVERAGE LIVING ROOM IN A HOME HERE IN THE UNITED STATES. 122 00:08:51,470 --> 00:08:57,639 IT WASN'T EXACTLY TRUE. OF COURSE, THE RESCUE CHAMBER 123 00:08:57,639 --> 00:09:00,970 WAS, THE EMERGENCY CHAMBER WAS, THAT WAS A SMALL CONFINED AREA, 124 00:09:00,970 --> 00:09:06,000 BUT THEY ACTUALLY HAD ABOUT, OH, TWO KILOMETERS OR TWO OF TUNNELS 125 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:10,360 THAT THEY COULD GO AND MANEUVER AROUND IN. 126 00:09:10,360 --> 00:09:14,720 AND THEY HAD ROOM TO MANEUVER TRUCKS AND OTHER HEAVY 127 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:17,339 EQUIPMENT. SO IN THEIR EFFORTS TO TRY TO 128 00:09:17,339 --> 00:09:21,350 SAVE THEMSELVES, OVER THOSE FIRST 17 DAYS, THEY ACTUALLY, 129 00:09:21,350 --> 00:09:25,850 YOU KNOW, TRIED TO GO THROUGH ALL OF THE TUNNELS THAT THEY HAD 130 00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:29,220 ACCESS TO, TRIED TO FIND THE ESCAPE ROUTES. 131 00:09:29,220 --> 00:09:33,850 AND THEY FOUND ONE PARTICULAR TUNNEL WHERE THERE WASN'T MUCH 132 00:09:33,850 --> 00:09:37,959 DEBRIS, BUT THERE WAS A SHEER ROCK FACE THAT THEY WERE -- THAT 133 00:09:37,959 --> 00:09:41,459 WAS BLOCKING THE TUNNEL. THEY HAD THE PRESENCE OF MIND TO 134 00:09:41,459 --> 00:09:46,670 TAKE SOME RED SPRAY-PAINT AND SPRAY THE TOP OF THE ROOF ON 135 00:09:46,670 --> 00:09:49,069 THAT ROCK AND THEN WENT BACK A DAY OR SO LATER. 136 00:09:49,069 --> 00:09:53,180 AND THAT MEGABLOCK HAD SHIFTED ANOTHER, YOU KNOW, COUPLE OF 137 00:09:53,180 --> 00:09:56,019 FEET DOWN. SO THEY KNEW THAT IT WAS STILL A 138 00:09:56,019 --> 00:10:02,709 VERY DYNAMIC SITUATION. AND THEY PROCEEDED TO DO WHAT IT 139 00:10:02,709 --> 00:10:06,970 TOOK TO SURVIVE. THE RESCUE CHAMBERS, OF COURSE, 140 00:10:06,970 --> 00:10:10,069 HAD SOME FOOD SUPPLIES AND SOME WATER. 141 00:10:10,069 --> 00:10:15,579 IT WAS CERTAINLY NOT ENOUGH TO KEEP THE MEN WELL NOURISHED OR 142 00:10:15,579 --> 00:10:19,949 WELL HYDRATED FOR THE LENGTH OF TIME THAT THEY WERE TRAPPED 143 00:10:19,949 --> 00:10:25,100 UNDERGROUND BEFORE BEING FOUND. THE -- IN FACT, IT WAS ESTIMATED 144 00:10:25,100 --> 00:10:30,040 THAT THEY WERE TAKING IN ABOUT MAYBE A TABLESPOON OR TWO OF 145 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:34,649 TUNA EVERY OTHER DAY AND MAYBE HAD A SLICED PEACH, CANNED 146 00:10:34,649 --> 00:10:39,119 PEACH, AND THEN THE WATER SUPPLY, THEY WERE ABLE TO FIND 147 00:10:39,119 --> 00:10:43,240 SOME WATER WITHIN THE -- WITHIN THE MINE ITSELF. 148 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:48,649 THAT WAS SURPRISINGLY DRINKABLE. YOU KNOW, THEY WERE ABLE TO THEN 149 00:10:48,649 --> 00:10:52,559 SUSTAIN THEMSELVES. THEY DID SOME OTHER THINGS THAT 150 00:10:52,559 --> 00:10:55,489 WAS GREAT FROM OUR PERSPECTIVE IN TERMS OF HOW A GROUP 151 00:10:55,489 --> 00:10:58,239 SURVIVES. THEY ESTABLISHED A LEADER. 152 00:10:58,239 --> 00:11:02,379 THAT LEADER WAS ABLE TO MAINTAIN CONTROL OF THE GROUP FOR THE 153 00:11:02,379 --> 00:11:04,980 MOST PART. THEY ESTABLISHED A SPIRITUAL 154 00:11:04,980 --> 00:11:06,819 LEADER. THEY IDENTIFIED SOMEBODY THAT 155 00:11:06,819 --> 00:11:10,209 HAD SOME MEDICAL BACKGROUND THAT COULD DO SOME FIRST-AID-TYPE 156 00:11:10,209 --> 00:11:12,769 THINGS. SO THEY HAD DONE A LOT FOR 157 00:11:12,769 --> 00:11:17,759 THEMSELVES IN THAT 17 DAYS TO TRY TO ASSURE THEIR SURVIVAL. 158 00:11:17,759 --> 00:11:22,119 TOP SIDE, YOU CAN SEE -- MAYBE NOT WELL DESCRIBED ON THIS 159 00:11:22,119 --> 00:11:26,339 SLIDE -- BUT THE TOP SIDE, DURING THOSE 17 DAYS, THE 160 00:11:26,339 --> 00:11:32,739 CHILEANS ACTUALLY DRILLED 15 HOLES TO THAT DEPTH TRYING TO 161 00:11:32,739 --> 00:11:37,189 BREAK INTO A TUNNEL OR REFUGE. AND EVENTUALLY THEY WERE 162 00:11:37,189 --> 00:11:43,119 SUCCESSFUL AND, OF COURSE, THE MINERS WERE FOUND TO BE ALIVE ON 163 00:11:43,119 --> 00:11:48,809 AUGUST 22nd. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 164 00:11:48,809 --> 00:11:51,589 SO HERE ARE THE MINERS. NOT ONLY DID WE GET A BRIEFING 165 00:11:51,589 --> 00:11:54,220 ON THE STATUS OF THE MINE ITSELF, BUT WE GOT A HEALTH 166 00:11:54,220 --> 00:11:58,920 BRIEFING ON THE MINERS. ONE OF THEM HAD DIABETES. 167 00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:03,769 ONE HAD HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. ANOTHER ONE HAD A RESPIRATORY 168 00:12:03,769 --> 00:12:07,730 CONDITION CALLED SILICOSIS FROM BEING IN THE MINES. 169 00:12:07,730 --> 00:12:11,209 HE USED TO BE A MINER BUT WAS JUST A TRUCK DRIVER TRAPPED ON 170 00:12:11,209 --> 00:12:14,170 THE WRONG SIDE OF THE COLLAPSE THAT DAY. 171 00:12:14,170 --> 00:12:16,619 ALSO, ONE OF THESE INDIVIDUALS, IT WAS THEIR FIRST DAY ON THE 172 00:12:16,619 --> 00:12:20,649 JOB. SO IMAGINE WHAT HE WAS THINKING 173 00:12:20,649 --> 00:12:25,949 WHEN ALL THIS WAS TAKING PLACE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 174 00:12:25,949 --> 00:12:29,170 SO ON THE 1st OF SEPTEMBER, WE FLEW UP. 175 00:12:29,170 --> 00:12:33,809 THIS IS A PICTURE OF THE CHURCH JUST OFF THE CENTRAL COURTYARD. 176 00:12:33,809 --> 00:12:37,589 WE CHECKED INTO OUR HOTEL. AND THEN THEY IMMEDIATELY TOOK 177 00:12:37,589 --> 00:12:41,369 US ON UP TO THE MINE SITE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 178 00:12:41,369 --> 00:12:44,529 SO HERE'S SOME SIGNAGE GOING INTO THE MINE SITE. 179 00:12:44,529 --> 00:12:45,929 EVERYBODY HAD TO WEAR A HARD HAT. 180 00:12:45,929 --> 00:12:50,410 EVERYBODY HAD TO WEAR STEEL-TOED SHOES. 181 00:12:50,410 --> 00:12:54,739 IF YOU DIDN'T BRING THESE ALONG WITH YOU, THEY WERE PROVIDING 182 00:12:54,739 --> 00:12:56,970 THEM FOR YOU WHILE YOU WERE AT THE MINE SITE. 183 00:12:56,970 --> 00:13:00,199 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. THERE WAS A LOT OF SECURITY. 184 00:13:00,199 --> 00:13:03,170 AND THESE GUYS LOOKED SERIOUS. THERE WERE ABOUT FOUR 185 00:13:03,170 --> 00:13:08,839 CHECKPOINTS ON THE WAY OUT TO THE MINE SITE ITSELF. 186 00:13:08,839 --> 00:13:15,049 IT TOOK ABOUT 45 MINUTES DRIVING IN THE DESERT WHICH IS A VERY 187 00:13:15,049 --> 00:13:17,930 DESOLATE PLACE, BUT ALSO VERY BEAUTIFUL BECAUSE THEY HAD HAD 188 00:13:17,930 --> 00:13:22,499 SOME RAINS. AND THERE WAS SOME VERY SMALL 189 00:13:22,499 --> 00:13:26,239 PURPLISH AND YELLOW FLOWERS THAT WERE IN BLOOM IN THE DESERT. 190 00:13:26,239 --> 00:13:28,670 SO IT WAS AN ENJOYABLE RIDE OUT THERE. 191 00:13:28,670 --> 00:13:32,639 BUT AS YOU GOT CLOSER TO THE MINE, YOU HAD TO GO THROUGH EACH 192 00:13:32,639 --> 00:13:36,180 SUCCESSIVE CHECKPOINT. AND AS I SAID, THESE GENTLEMEN 193 00:13:36,180 --> 00:13:39,170 WERE VERY SERIOUS. SOMEHOW OR ANOTHER, AS SOON AS 194 00:13:39,170 --> 00:13:42,660 THE DRIVER SAID NASA, THE GATES OPENED. 195 00:13:42,660 --> 00:13:47,139 AND WE WERE ABLE TO MOVE ON TO THE NEXT DESTINATION. 196 00:13:47,139 --> 00:13:52,040 EVENTUALLY, YOU GOT INTO THE CENTRAL AREA WHERE THE WORK WAS 197 00:13:52,040 --> 00:13:56,739 BEING DONE. AND THE GUARDS WERE TRYING TO 198 00:13:56,739 --> 00:14:02,430 KEEP EVERYBODY AWAY FROM ALL THE DRILLING ACTIVITIES THAT WERE 199 00:14:02,430 --> 00:14:05,259 PRESENT. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 200 00:14:05,259 --> 00:14:10,249 ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS THAT IMPRESSED US IS THE SPIRIT OF 201 00:14:10,249 --> 00:14:14,189 THE PEOPLE. AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT THE 202 00:14:14,189 --> 00:14:18,279 FAMILIES HAD DONE WAS PUT OUT A FLAG FOR EACH OF THE MINERS. 203 00:14:18,279 --> 00:14:24,459 THERE WERE 32 CHILEAN FLAGS AND ONE BOLIVIAN FLAG FOR ALL THE 204 00:14:24,459 --> 00:14:28,069 MINERS THAT WERE TRAPPED UNDERGROUND. 205 00:14:28,069 --> 00:14:33,569 NEXT SLIDE. THIS IS AN OVERVIEW OF THE MINE 206 00:14:33,569 --> 00:14:39,179 SITE. I'M STANDING ON THE TOP WHERE 207 00:14:39,179 --> 00:14:43,899 ONE OF THE DRILLING RIGS WAS AND LOOKING DOWN. 208 00:14:43,899 --> 00:14:46,769 YOU CAN SEE HOW DESOLATE AN AREA THIS WAS. 209 00:14:46,769 --> 00:14:51,059 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. SO TO THE RIGHT ON THIS SLIDE IS 210 00:14:51,059 --> 00:14:55,279 SOME TENTS AND SOME TRAILERS. AND YOU CAN SEE SOME SATELLITE 211 00:14:55,279 --> 00:14:58,019 DISHES THERE. THIS IS THE AREA WHERE THE PRESS 212 00:14:58,019 --> 00:15:03,429 CORPS WAS LIVING. IN THE BRIGHTLY COLORED TENTS, 213 00:15:03,429 --> 00:15:07,779 THE YELLOW AND ORANGE TENTS, THIS IS WHERE THE FAMILIES WERE 214 00:15:07,779 --> 00:15:12,069 LIVING. AND A NUMBER OF THE FAMILIES 215 00:15:12,069 --> 00:15:17,669 WERE PRESENT THROUGHOUT THE 69 DAYS THAT THE MINERS WERE 216 00:15:17,669 --> 00:15:21,269 TRAPPED UNDERGROUND. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 217 00:15:21,269 --> 00:15:25,590 AND THEN THIS IS THE WORK SITE TO THE RIGHT, YOU CAN SEE A 218 00:15:25,590 --> 00:15:30,079 LARGE TENT STRUCTURE. THAT WAS THE DINING HALL. 219 00:15:30,079 --> 00:15:36,649 ALSO SERVED AS A WORK AREA. THE TWO RED -- OR ORANGE ROOF 220 00:15:36,649 --> 00:15:43,109 TENTS WERE FIRST AID. WE HAD A BUILDING RIGHT IN THE 221 00:15:43,109 --> 00:15:46,509 FOREGROUND THERE THAT WAS A BUILDING THAT WE DID MOST OF OUR 222 00:15:46,509 --> 00:15:49,649 WORK IN. NEXT SLIDE. 223 00:15:49,649 --> 00:15:52,350 BACK UP ONE. SO THIS IS THE BUILDING THAT WE 224 00:15:52,350 --> 00:15:56,610 DID MOST OF OUR WORK IN. CONDITIONS WERE VERY DUSTY, BUT 225 00:15:56,610 --> 00:16:05,269 YET WE HAD ACCESS TO COMPUTERS. WE HAD INTERNET ACCESS. 226 00:16:05,269 --> 00:16:10,410 AND WE COULD COMMUNICATE READILY BACK TO OUR CONSULTANTS IN 227 00:16:10,410 --> 00:16:14,230 HOUSTON AND ALSO CONSULTANTS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES 228 00:16:14,230 --> 00:16:18,100 THAT WE FELT MIGHT BE ABLE TO HAVE SOMETHING TO OFFER HERE. 229 00:16:18,100 --> 00:16:21,970 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. I HAD BEEN A LITTLE MORE WORRIED 230 00:16:21,970 --> 00:16:27,180 ABOUT THIS HAD WE NOT ALREADY CHECKED INTO THE HOTEL. 231 00:16:27,180 --> 00:16:35,059 THESE WERE TENTS THAT THE CHILEAN MILITARY HAD, SOME OF 232 00:16:35,059 --> 00:16:40,569 THE SECURITY PEOPLE AND GUARDS THAT WERE, YOU KNOW, MAKING SURE 233 00:16:40,569 --> 00:16:44,999 THAT THE WORK AREA STAYED CLEAR OF OUTSIDERS. 234 00:16:44,999 --> 00:16:50,309 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. THIS IS THE PALOMA OPERATIONS. 235 00:16:50,309 --> 00:16:54,379 PALOMA AS WE TRANSLATE IT MEANS DOVE. 236 00:16:54,379 --> 00:16:58,149 ONE OF OUR COUNTERPARTS ALWAYS SMILED WHEN WE SAID YOU MEAN THE 237 00:16:58,149 --> 00:16:59,660 DOVES? BECAUSE I THINK THEY WERE 238 00:16:59,660 --> 00:17:03,579 LOOKING AT THESE MORE AS PIGEONS OR CARRIER PIGEONS. 239 00:17:03,579 --> 00:17:07,680 THESE WERE THE LONG CYLINDERS, STEEL CYLINDERS. 240 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:12,890 THEY WERE ABOUT TWO METERS LONG, MAYBE FOUR INCHES IN INTERNAL 241 00:17:12,890 --> 00:17:16,470 DIAMETER. AND THEY WOULD HOIST THESE UP 242 00:17:16,470 --> 00:17:23,209 AND DOWN THIS 2200-FOOT SHAFT TO RESUPPLY THE MINERS WITH FOOD 243 00:17:23,209 --> 00:17:28,820 AND WATER AND OTHER MATERIALS. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 244 00:17:28,820 --> 00:17:32,330 JUST AN EXAMPLE OF THEM UNSCREWING THE CAP OFF OF THE 245 00:17:32,330 --> 00:17:36,159 END. NEXT SLIDE. 246 00:17:36,159 --> 00:17:38,870 CLOSER VIEW. NEXT SLIDE. 247 00:17:38,870 --> 00:17:44,000 AND SO THEY WOULD WRAP UP FOODSTUFFS OR OTHER MATERIALS. 248 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:48,370 IN THIS CASE IT WAS WRAPPED UP IN BUBBLE WRAP TO PREVENT IT 249 00:17:48,370 --> 00:17:52,759 FROM THE JARRING OF THE RIDE DOWN TO THE MINERS. 250 00:17:52,759 --> 00:17:56,070 THEY DID THIS ON KIND OF A 30-MINUTE CYCLE. 251 00:17:56,070 --> 00:17:58,519 IT WOULD TAKE TEN MINUTES TO LOAD. 252 00:17:58,519 --> 00:18:02,570 IT WOULD TAKE TEN MINUTES FOR THE PALOMA TO BE DROPPED THROUGH 253 00:18:02,570 --> 00:18:05,840 THE SHAFT DOWN TO THE MINERS. THE MINERS WOULD HAVE TEN 254 00:18:05,840 --> 00:18:11,419 MINUTES TO UNLOAD IT AND THEN LOAD BACK ANY MATERIALS THAT 255 00:18:11,419 --> 00:18:15,350 THEY WANTED TO SEND TOP SIDE, MESSAGES TO THE FAMILY, 256 00:18:15,350 --> 00:18:19,490 WHATEVER. ONE DAY, IN PARTICULAR, WE KNEW 257 00:18:19,490 --> 00:18:24,620 THAT THE MINERS WERE GETTING A LITTLE BETTER BECAUSE ONE OF THE 258 00:18:24,620 --> 00:18:28,110 MINERS SENT BACK A DESSERT TO THE SURFACE BECAUSE HE DIDN'T 259 00:18:28,110 --> 00:18:33,960 LIKE PARTICULARLY THAT DAY WHAT WAS BEING SERVED FOR DESSERT. 260 00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:36,740 FORTUNATELY, YOU KNOW, THE TOP-SIDE OFFICIALS FELT THAT 261 00:18:36,740 --> 00:18:39,360 THIS -- YOU KNOW, THEY NEEDED TO REALLY TAKE CONTROL HERE, SO 262 00:18:39,360 --> 00:18:42,640 THEY SENT THE DESSERT BACK DOWN AND SAID, YOU KNOW, THIS IS WHAT 263 00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:45,380 YOU HAVE TODAY. YOU KNOW, WE'RE DOING THE BEST 264 00:18:45,380 --> 00:18:51,519 WE CAN. BUT ANYHOW, IT WAS QUITE A FEAT 265 00:18:51,519 --> 00:18:58,820 ON HOW THE CHILEANS WERE ABLE TO RESUPPLY THE MINERS, NOT ONLY 266 00:18:58,820 --> 00:19:04,450 GIVE THEM FOOD, BUT SUPPLY ALL OTHER CONTINGENCY NEEDS THAT 267 00:19:04,450 --> 00:19:10,870 THEY HAD THROUGH THESE PALOMAS, AND THAT OPERATION WAS 24 HOURS 268 00:19:10,870 --> 00:19:15,179 A DAY, 7 DAYS A WEEK. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 269 00:19:15,179 --> 00:19:22,580 THIS IS THE PLAN "A" DRILL. THIS WAS THE HIGHEST POINT IN 270 00:19:22,580 --> 00:19:27,200 THE LOCAL AREA OF THE WORKING MINE. 271 00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:33,980 AND I TOOK THIS PICTURE TO KIND OF GIVE YOU THE IDEA OF SIZE OF 272 00:19:33,980 --> 00:19:36,950 THIS DRILL RIG. AND I WAS ACTUALLY THINKING THAT 273 00:19:36,950 --> 00:19:40,350 SIZE WOULD, YOU KNOW, I'M 5'10" OR THEREABOUTS. 274 00:19:40,350 --> 00:19:42,660 AND I THOUGHT MAYBE IT WOULD GIVE YOU A PERSPECTIVE. 275 00:19:42,660 --> 00:19:46,299 BUT AS I GOT THIS SLIDE BACK AND LOOKED AT THE PICTURE, I 276 00:19:46,299 --> 00:19:49,679 THOUGHT, WELL, MAYBE IT'S ALSO A DEMONSTRATION OF GIRTH AS TO 277 00:19:49,679 --> 00:19:54,659 ABOUT HOW BIG THAT THING IS. FORTUNATELY I'M HIDING BEHIND 278 00:19:54,659 --> 00:19:58,360 THE PODIUM HERE TODAY. BUT THIS WAS QUITE AN OPERATION. 279 00:19:58,360 --> 00:20:01,570 THIS WAS THE ONLY DRILL RIG THAT WAS IN OPERATION AT THE TIME WE 280 00:20:01,570 --> 00:20:05,190 WERE THERE. THE RIG WAS BEING RUN BY SOME 281 00:20:05,190 --> 00:20:10,850 SOUTH AFRICANS. SOUTH AFRICAN DRILLING COMPANY. 282 00:20:10,850 --> 00:20:13,820 AND IT WAS PROCEEDING VERY, VERY SLOWLY. 283 00:20:13,820 --> 00:20:19,039 AND THIS IS WHERE THE INITIAL ESTIMATES THAT IT MIGHT BE 284 00:20:19,039 --> 00:20:24,160 DECEMBER BEFORE THE MINERS COULD BE RESCUED BECAUSE OF THIS, YOU 285 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:28,710 KNOW, PARTICULAR RIG HERE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 286 00:20:28,710 --> 00:20:34,530 SO AS WE GOT TO SEE SOME OTHER SITES AT THE MINE SITE, THIS 287 00:20:34,530 --> 00:20:39,160 IS -- ONE OF THE PALOMA SITES. AND THE GENTLEMAN IN THE ORANGE 288 00:20:39,160 --> 00:20:43,940 VEST IS HOLDING A CONDUIT. AND THEY WERE FABRICATING A 289 00:20:43,940 --> 00:20:47,040 CONDUIT THAT WAS GOING TO SUPPLY FIBER OPTIC CABLE FOR 290 00:20:47,040 --> 00:20:51,580 AUDIO/VISUAL COMMUNICATION. IT WOULD ALSO PROVIDE 291 00:20:51,580 --> 00:20:54,340 ELECTRICITY. IT WAS GOING TO PROVIDE FRESH 292 00:20:54,340 --> 00:20:57,860 WATER, A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF FRESH WATER, AND A CONTINUOUS 293 00:20:57,860 --> 00:21:05,629 SUPPLY OF COOL, DRY AIR TO HELP WITH THE CONDITIONS DOWN BELOW. 294 00:21:05,629 --> 00:21:09,220 THE CHILEANS HAD HOPED TO SET UP SOME TENTS BELOW WHERE THEY 295 00:21:09,220 --> 00:21:13,279 COULD PIPE THIS AIR IN AND AT LEAST PROVIDE AN ENVIRONMENT 296 00:21:13,279 --> 00:21:16,809 AWAY FROM THE HEAT AND HUMIDITY. AND THE TEMPERATURES DOWN THERE 297 00:21:16,809 --> 00:21:18,980 WERE ABOUT 90 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 298 00:21:18,980 --> 00:21:22,600 HUMIDITY WAS ABOUT 90%. AND THEY WANTED TO AT LEAST 299 00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:29,230 PROVIDE THEM A PLACE TO REST AND GET AWAY FROM THAT BY SUPPLYING 300 00:21:29,230 --> 00:21:33,990 THIS FRESH AIR. ALSO IN THIS PICTURE, SECOND 301 00:21:33,990 --> 00:21:37,679 FROM THE RIGHT, IS AN INDIVIDUAL DRESSED IN BLACK. 302 00:21:37,679 --> 00:21:41,940 WITH A WHITE HARD HAT ON. THAT IS COMMANDER NAVARRO. 303 00:21:41,940 --> 00:21:44,830 INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH -- AND WE DIDN'T REALLY KNOW THIS AT THE 304 00:21:44,830 --> 00:21:52,759 TIME THAT WE WENT DOWN TO MEET WITH OUR CHILEAN COUNTERPARTS -- 305 00:21:52,759 --> 00:21:59,450 THEY HAD ALSO ASSIGNED THIS INDIVIDUAL, AND HE WAS A CHILEAN 306 00:21:59,450 --> 00:22:06,049 NAVAL SUBMARINE CAPTAIN. SO HE AND CLINT CRAIG, ALSO A 307 00:22:06,049 --> 00:22:12,720 FORMER NAVY SUBMARINE CAPTAIN, HIT IT OFF IMMEDIATELY. 308 00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:18,000 AND IT WAS JUST ONE OF THE EXAMPLES OF HOW IT WAS KIND OF 309 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:22,750 FORTUITOUS HOW WE ALL CAME TOGETHER AND BLENDED SO WELL 310 00:22:22,750 --> 00:22:28,200 WITH OUR CHILEAN COLLEAGUES. THE LADY THAT'S SECOND FROM THE 311 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:31,590 LEFT IN THIS SLIDE, HER NAME IS SOPHIA. 312 00:22:31,590 --> 00:22:35,980 SHE IS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE CHILEAN GOVERNMENT FROM THE 313 00:22:35,980 --> 00:22:40,850 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. SHE WAS VERY EXCITED TO TELL US 314 00:22:40,850 --> 00:22:45,160 ALL ABOUT THE REGION. WHEN YOU GO TO THE GROCERY STORE 315 00:22:45,160 --> 00:22:49,340 AND YOU LOOK WHERE MAYBE SOME OF THE WHITE SEEDLESS GRAPES COME 316 00:22:49,340 --> 00:22:52,820 FROM, IT MAY WELL BE FROM THAT AREA IN CHILE. 317 00:22:52,820 --> 00:22:56,600 THIS IS THE REGION THAT WE WERE IN. 318 00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,580 SO SHE WAS EXCITED TO TELL US ALL ABOUT THESE THINGS. 319 00:22:59,580 --> 00:23:05,889 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. THIS IS COMMANDER URENA, A 320 00:23:05,889 --> 00:23:13,940 MEDICAL SUBMARINE OFFICER. HE WAS VERY FLUENT IN ENGLISH, 321 00:23:13,940 --> 00:23:18,399 SPENT A LOT OF TIME IN CALIFORNIA WHILE HIS FATHER WAS 322 00:23:18,399 --> 00:23:22,940 GETTING A Ph.D. IN MATHEMATICS. HE AND J.D., IN PARTICULAR, HIT 323 00:23:22,940 --> 00:23:27,870 IT OFF WELL TOGETHER. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 324 00:23:27,870 --> 00:23:33,159 THIS IS -- THE GENTLEMAN IN THE GREEN VEST IS DR. ARTURO. 325 00:23:33,159 --> 00:23:38,799 AL HOLLAND WAS OUR PSYCHOLOGIST. DR. ARTURO WAS THE CHILEAN 326 00:23:38,799 --> 00:23:42,100 PSYCHOLOGIST, TAKING CARE OF THE MINERS. 327 00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:47,259 HIS FIRST NAME WAS ALBERTO. SO THE TWO ALS ALSO HAD A COMMON 328 00:23:47,259 --> 00:23:50,389 BOND. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 329 00:23:50,389 --> 00:23:54,110 AND FINALLY, THE GENTLEMAN IN THE MIDDLE FACING US IS DR. 330 00:23:54,110 --> 00:23:55,580 DIAZ. HE WAS THE LEAD PHYSICIAN. 331 00:23:55,580 --> 00:24:02,009 HE, YOU KNOW, HAD A WELL-ORGANIZED STRUCTURE OF 332 00:24:02,009 --> 00:24:07,059 PHYSICIANS UNDER HIM THAT WERE ABLE TO PROVIDE MONITORING OF 333 00:24:07,059 --> 00:24:11,309 THE MINERS ON A 24-HOUR BASIS SO THAT THE MINERS NEVER WERE 334 00:24:11,309 --> 00:24:17,360 WITHOUT ACCESS TO AT LEAST MEDICAL CONSULTATION. 335 00:24:17,360 --> 00:24:20,509 IN ADDITION, THEY HAD SET UP A NETWORK OF CONSULTANTS 336 00:24:20,509 --> 00:24:25,190 THROUGHOUT THEIR COUNTRY AS WELL AS OTHER CONSULTANTS AROUND THE 337 00:24:25,190 --> 00:24:29,429 WORLD TO TALK ABOUT VARIOUS PROBLEMS, IN PARTICULAR, 338 00:24:29,429 --> 00:24:31,570 VACCINATION. THEY WERE WANTING TO MAKE SURE 339 00:24:31,570 --> 00:24:35,580 THAT THEY HAD VACCINATED THE MINERS AGAINST COMMON PROBLEMS, 340 00:24:35,580 --> 00:24:39,999 PNEUMONIA, INFLUENZA, MENINGITIS, THOSE KINDS OF 341 00:24:39,999 --> 00:24:43,779 THINGS THAT YOU MIGHT BE CONCERNED ABOUT. 342 00:24:43,779 --> 00:24:53,049 SHORTLY AFTER THIS PICTURE WAS TAKEN, WE WENT INTO THIS ROOM IN 343 00:24:53,049 --> 00:24:56,460 THE BACKGROUND THERE. AND THIS IS WHERE WE WERE ABLE 344 00:24:56,460 --> 00:24:59,150 TO HAVE OUR FIRST COMMUNICATION -- ACTUALLY, IT 345 00:24:59,150 --> 00:25:02,990 WAS OUR FIRST AND ONLY COMMUNICATION WITH THE MINERS. 346 00:25:02,990 --> 00:25:08,549 SO WE WERE ALL HUDDLED IN THERE. DR. J.D. POLK, DR. DIAZ, MYSELF, 347 00:25:08,549 --> 00:25:13,379 SOME OTHERS, AND THEY HAD A PHONE SYSTEM AT THAT TIME SET UP 348 00:25:13,379 --> 00:25:17,740 WHERE WE COULD TALK TO THE MINERS BY PHONE. 349 00:25:17,740 --> 00:25:23,200 AND SO, YOU KNOW, DR. DIAZ EXPLAINED THAT THE NASA 350 00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:28,999 PHYSICIANS WERE HERE. YOU KNOW, DR. DIAZ ASKED IF I 351 00:25:28,999 --> 00:25:32,490 WANTED TO SAY HELLO TO THE MINERS. 352 00:25:32,490 --> 00:25:39,620 AND SOME OF MY BEST SPANISH I MUSTERED, HOLA, BUENOS AIRES. 353 00:25:39,620 --> 00:25:45,870 AND THE MINER THAT WAS ON THE OTHER END OF THE PHONE SAID, COMO 354 00:25:45,870 --> 00:25:51,399 ESTAS? I'M SURE MY SPANISH TEACHER 355 00:25:51,399 --> 00:25:54,009 TURNED OVER IN HER GRAVE BECAUSE I COULDN'T THINK WHAT TO SAY 356 00:25:54,009 --> 00:26:02,509 NEXT. DR. DIAZ WHISPERED, "SAY BIEN." 357 00:26:02,509 --> 00:26:04,179 DR. J.D. POLK IS OVER IN THE CORNER. 358 00:26:04,179 --> 00:26:09,049 HE'S JUST SHAKING HIS HEAD, JUST COULDN'T BELIEVE THAT I WAS SO 359 00:26:09,049 --> 00:26:13,110 INEFFICIENT IN AT LEAST SAYING HELLO AND THAT I'M DOING FINE IN 360 00:26:13,110 --> 00:26:18,460 SPANISH. BUT ANYHOW, WE MANAGED TO 361 00:26:18,460 --> 00:26:22,210 CONTINUE, YOU KNOW, TALKING TO THE MINERS. 362 00:26:22,210 --> 00:26:26,980 AND THEY WOULD RELAY, YOU KNOW, SOME THINGS THAT WE WERE -- OUR 363 00:26:26,980 --> 00:26:29,730 CHILEAN COUNTERPARTS WOULD RELAY IN SPANISH WHAT WE WERE SAYING 364 00:26:29,730 --> 00:26:33,260 IN ENGLISH. WELL, THE NEXT DAY IN THE 365 00:26:33,260 --> 00:26:38,549 NEWSPAPER, LEAD ARTICLE IN THE NEWSPAPER SAYS, "DR. MIKE 366 00:26:38,549 --> 00:26:42,149 DUNCAN. NASA TEAM LEADER SPEAKING TO THE 367 00:26:42,149 --> 00:26:47,259 MINERS IN SPANISH." SO I GOT A LOT OF GOOD PRESS 368 00:26:47,259 --> 00:26:49,570 WHILE WE WERE DOWN THERE. SO IT CAN GO BOTH WAYS 369 00:26:49,570 --> 00:26:52,809 SOMETIMES. THE OTHER THING THAT THE MINERS 370 00:26:52,809 --> 00:26:59,879 DID WHEN WE SAID OUR HELLOS TO THEM WAS, I KNOW YOU'VE HEARD 371 00:26:59,879 --> 00:27:03,149 THIS CHANT THAT THE CHILEAN PEOPLE DO. 372 00:27:03,149 --> 00:27:04,769 IT'S CHI-CHI-CHI-! LE-LE-LE! 373 00:27:04,769 --> 00:27:13,879 LOS MINEROS DE CHILE! ONCE THE MINERS KNEW WE WERE 374 00:27:13,879 --> 00:27:18,429 THERE, THEY ALL CONGREGATED, AND THEY DID THIS CHANT FOR US 375 00:27:18,429 --> 00:27:23,149 WHICH DEMONSTRATED TO US NOT ONLY HOW WELCOMING THEY WERE FOR 376 00:27:23,149 --> 00:27:26,830 US TO BE THERE, BUT, YOU KNOW, WHAT GREAT SPIRIT THAT THEY WERE 377 00:27:26,830 --> 00:27:32,929 IN DESPITE THE CHALLENGES THAT THEY WERE FACING. 378 00:27:32,929 --> 00:27:40,059 SO IT WAS QUITE A MOMENT FOR US FOR THEM TO DO THAT FOR US. 379 00:27:40,059 --> 00:27:46,970 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. AT THE END OF EACH DAY, THE 380 00:27:46,970 --> 00:27:50,080 CHILEANS THAT WERE WORKING THE DRILL RIGS, SUPERVISING THE 381 00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:53,130 DRILL RIGS OR SUPERVISING THE MEDICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL 382 00:27:53,130 --> 00:27:57,720 ACTIVITIES, WE WOULD MEET -- THEY WOULD MEET, AND WE WERE 383 00:27:57,720 --> 00:27:59,700 ALLOWED TO SIT IN ON THESE MEETINGS. 384 00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:02,309 THEY WOULD SUMMARIZE WHAT HAD HAPPENED DURING THE COURSE OF 385 00:28:02,309 --> 00:28:05,749 THE DAY AND WHAT THE PLAN WAS GOING TO BE FOR THE NEXT DAY. 386 00:28:05,749 --> 00:28:12,330 AND THEN THEY WOULD ALL GO DOWN TO A TENT THAT WAS SET UP 387 00:28:12,330 --> 00:28:17,119 SPECIFICALLY TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE MINERS' FAMILIES. 388 00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:19,540 AND SO THIS FIRST DAY WE WERE INTRODUCED TO THE MINERS' 389 00:28:19,540 --> 00:28:23,610 FAMILIES. AND WE WERE EACH ALLOWED THE 390 00:28:23,610 --> 00:28:28,480 OPPORTUNITY TO SAY HELLO TO THE MINERS' FAMILIES. 391 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:32,309 AL HOLLAND WHO IS OUR OPERATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST WHO HAS 392 00:28:32,309 --> 00:28:36,340 A LOT OF EXPERIENCE IN DEALING WITH OUR ASTRONAUTS ON ORBIT, 393 00:28:36,340 --> 00:28:40,759 DEALING WITH THEIR FAMILIES, UNDERSTANDING THEIR NEEDS AND 394 00:28:40,759 --> 00:28:47,490 CONCERNS, REALLY MADE QUITE A PASSIONATE SPEECH TO THE FAMILY 395 00:28:47,490 --> 00:28:51,269 MEMBERS THAT DAY. AND IT WAS SO WELL RECEIVED THAT 396 00:28:51,269 --> 00:28:54,100 ONE OF THE LADIES STOOD UP AND SAID, I WOULD LIKE TO ADOPT YOU 397 00:28:54,100 --> 00:28:57,330 RIGHT NOW. ANYWAY. 398 00:28:57,330 --> 00:29:00,320 AL DID A GREAT JOB FOR US. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 399 00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:05,740 OVER THE NEXT COUPLE OF DAYS, WE'D GO OUT TO THE MINE SITE. 400 00:29:05,740 --> 00:29:10,131 EACH DAY WE WOULD MEET IN THE LITTLE MEETING BUILDING THAT I 401 00:29:10,131 --> 00:29:12,619 SHOWED YOU. IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE, WE WERE 402 00:29:12,619 --> 00:29:17,340 MEETING WITH THREE OF THE ENGINEERS FROM ASMAR WHICH IS 403 00:29:17,340 --> 00:29:23,080 THE NAVAL -- THE CHILEAN NAVAL ENTERING GROUP THAT ACTUALLY 404 00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:29,549 BUILT THE EXTRACTION VEHICLE. AND WE WERE JUST TALKING WITH 405 00:29:29,549 --> 00:29:33,789 THEM ABOUT, YOU KNOW, SOME ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS, 406 00:29:33,789 --> 00:29:37,409 MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS AND TRYING TO GET AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE 407 00:29:37,409 --> 00:29:40,220 REQUIREMENTS THAT THEY WERE ALREADY DEALING WITH IN TERMS OF 408 00:29:40,220 --> 00:29:44,759 HOW TO DESIGN THIS VEHICLE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 409 00:29:44,759 --> 00:29:51,419 OF COURSE, THIS LADY IN THE -- BLONDE LADY IN THE RED JACKET, 410 00:29:51,419 --> 00:29:56,309 SHE WAS REPRESENTING THE GOVERNMENT. 411 00:29:56,309 --> 00:30:05,990 AND SHE WOULD, YOU KNOW, BE PART OF THESE END-OF-DAY DISCUSSIONS 412 00:30:05,990 --> 00:30:09,009 ABOUT THE PROGRESS THAT WAS BEING MADE. 413 00:30:09,009 --> 00:30:14,240 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. BUT ON OUR FINAL DAY AT THE MINE 414 00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:19,450 SITE, WE PRESENTED -- MADE A PRESENTATION TO OUR CHILEAN 415 00:30:19,450 --> 00:30:22,960 COUNTERPARTS THAT TALKED TO THE MEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SUPPORT 416 00:30:22,960 --> 00:30:26,940 THAT WE FELT THAT NEEDED TO BE CONSIDERED. 417 00:30:26,940 --> 00:30:30,700 IN ADDITION, CLINT CRAIG DID A VERY NICE JOB IN TALKING TO THEM 418 00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:34,869 ABOUT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE. AT TIMES IT SEEMED TO BE 419 00:30:34,869 --> 00:30:41,470 SOMEWHAT LESS THAN, YOU KNOW, CLEANLY ORGANIZED IN TERMS OF 420 00:30:41,470 --> 00:30:45,809 WHO WAS LEADING WHAT. IT WAS PROBABLY A DIFFERENCE IN 421 00:30:45,809 --> 00:30:50,059 OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THEY WERE STRUCTURED, BUT ANYWAY, WE 422 00:30:50,059 --> 00:30:56,809 MADE SOME SUGGESTIONS ABOUT HOW THIS MAYBE COULD BE DONE CLEANER 423 00:30:56,809 --> 00:30:59,679 FROM A COMMUNICATIONS STANDPOINT. 424 00:30:59,679 --> 00:31:04,309 OF COURSE, THE MEDICAL THINGS, WE TALKED TO THEM ABOUT VITAMIN 425 00:31:04,309 --> 00:31:07,159 D REPLACEMENT. WE TALKED TO THEM ABOUT VIRUS 426 00:31:07,159 --> 00:31:11,519 REACTIVATION. WE TALKED TO THEM ABOUT THE 427 00:31:11,519 --> 00:31:17,440 PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT THAT WE SEE IN TAKING CARE OF OUR 428 00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:22,610 ASTRONAUTS IN ISOLATED AND REMOTE AND AUSTERE ENVIRONMENTS, 429 00:31:22,610 --> 00:31:25,379 ALTHOUGH ON SPACE STATION, IT'S A MUCH BETTER ENVIRONMENT THAN 430 00:31:25,379 --> 00:31:29,120 THE MINERS WERE FACING 2,200 FEET UNDERGROUND AT THESE 431 00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:33,081 TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITIES. DURING THE TIME THAT WE WERE 432 00:31:33,081 --> 00:31:37,169 PUTTING THE FINAL TOUCHES ON THIS PRESENTATION, NEXT SLIDE, 433 00:31:37,169 --> 00:31:41,299 PLEASE, THERE WAS A LOT OF COMMOTION GOING ON OUTSIDE. 434 00:31:41,299 --> 00:31:44,409 HORNS WERE HONKING. YOU KNOW, THIS WAS GOING ON FOR 435 00:31:44,409 --> 00:31:46,999 MINUTES. WE COULDN'T QUITE FIGURE OUT 436 00:31:46,999 --> 00:31:49,869 WHAT WAS HAPPENING. SO WE STEPPED OUTSIDE. 437 00:31:49,869 --> 00:31:52,489 AND ABOUT THAT TIME THIS STRUCK ROLLS BY. 438 00:31:52,489 --> 00:31:58,360 AND THIS IS THE DRILL RIG THAT WAS BROUGHT TO THE MINE SITE. 439 00:31:58,360 --> 00:32:02,049 AND THIS IS THE DRILL RIG THAT ACTUALLY WAS SUCCESSFUL IN 440 00:32:02,049 --> 00:32:05,519 REACHING THE MINERS. THIS IS WHAT THEY CALLED PLAN 441 00:32:05,519 --> 00:32:09,929 "B." PLAN "C" WAS A PETROLEUM RIG 442 00:32:09,929 --> 00:32:13,970 THAT WAS TAKING A LOT LONGER TO BRING TO THE MINE SITE AND SET 443 00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:17,340 UP, BUT IT WAS ACTUALLY THOUGHT THAT MAYBE PLAN "C" WAS ACTUALLY 444 00:32:17,340 --> 00:32:21,929 GOING TO BE ABLE TO REACH THE DEPTH THE QUICKEST. 445 00:32:21,929 --> 00:32:24,549 OF COURSE, THAT TURNED OUT NOT TO BE THE CASE. 446 00:32:24,549 --> 00:32:30,899 WE NEVER DID MEET THE TEAM WHILE THEY WERE -- WHILE WE WERE AT 447 00:32:30,899 --> 00:32:34,440 THE MINE SITE. BUT IT WAS QUITE AN EVENT WHEN 448 00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:38,929 THIS TRUCK ROLLED INTO TOWN. I SHOULD ALSO MENTION -- AND I 449 00:32:38,929 --> 00:32:43,230 THINK SOMETHING THAT WASN'T WELL PUBLICIZED DURING THE COURSE OF 450 00:32:43,230 --> 00:32:47,659 ALL THESE EVENTS IS THAT IN ORDER TO GET THIS RIG FROM 451 00:32:47,659 --> 00:32:54,700 PENNSYLVANIA TO CHILE, THEY NEEDED A BIG AIRPLANE. 452 00:32:54,700 --> 00:33:01,309 AND U.P.S. ACTUALLY OFFERED UP THE AIRCRAFT, THE FLIGHT TIME, 453 00:33:01,309 --> 00:33:09,019 THE AIR CREW TO BE ABLE TO GET THIS EQUIPMENT DOWN TO CHILE, 454 00:33:09,019 --> 00:33:16,700 AND THEN THEY COULD DRIVE IT ON. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 455 00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:22,570 WELL, BEFORE WE LEFT THE MINE SITE FOR THE FINAL TIME, WE HAD 456 00:33:22,570 --> 00:33:26,539 ONE LAST PRESS CONFERENCE. THIS WAS AN INTERNATIONAL PRESS 457 00:33:26,539 --> 00:33:30,890 CONFERENCE. A LOT OF INTEREST WAS BEING 458 00:33:30,890 --> 00:33:34,409 GENERATED AROUND THE WORLD AT THAT TIME. 459 00:33:34,409 --> 00:33:38,749 SO THIS IS WHAT WE WERE FACING. NEXT SLIDE. 460 00:33:38,749 --> 00:33:45,149 HERE WE ARE LINED UP. AND EACH OF US WAS ABLE TO 461 00:33:45,149 --> 00:33:49,960 RESPOND TO SOME QUESTIONS AS THEY WERE DIRECTED TO US. 462 00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:53,200 NEXT SLIDE. AND THIS IS WHAT I WAS SEEING ON 463 00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:55,909 THE OTHER SIDE OF ME. THAT'S DURING THAT PRESS 464 00:33:55,909 --> 00:33:58,119 CONFERENCE. AND I SURE HOPE THAT I WAS 465 00:33:58,119 --> 00:34:03,639 SAYING THINGS CORRECTLY AND IN APPROVAL OF OUR CHILEAN 466 00:34:03,639 --> 00:34:07,360 OFFICIALS THAT WERE PRESENT. AT THE END OF THIS PRESS 467 00:34:07,360 --> 00:34:13,909 CONFERENCE, WE FELT IT WAS VERY IMPORTANT TO SHOW SOME SPIRIT 468 00:34:13,909 --> 00:34:17,270 OURSELVES. AND SO I CONVINCED THE TEAM THAT 469 00:34:17,270 --> 00:34:19,940 WE NEEDED TO STAND UP AND DO THE CHI-CHI-CHI-! 470 00:34:19,940 --> 00:34:23,480 LE-LE-LE! LOS MINEROS DE CHILE CHANT. 471 00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:26,470 BUT WE WEREN'T VERY GOOD AT IT. SO I ASKED THE MINISTRY OF 472 00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:31,139 HEALTH TO STAND UP WITH US. HE HELPED LEAD US IN DOING THAT 473 00:34:31,139 --> 00:34:34,909 CHANT. AND I THINK IT GOT A LOT OF PLAY 474 00:34:34,909 --> 00:34:39,030 IN THE MEDIA THERE IN CHILE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 475 00:34:39,030 --> 00:34:43,710 I DIDN'T WANT YOU TO THINK THAT WE HAD SPENT ALL OF OUR TIME 476 00:34:43,710 --> 00:34:48,899 WORKING. THE CHILEANS WERE VERY GRACIOUS 477 00:34:48,899 --> 00:34:50,429 HOSTS. THEY WERE VERY WARM AND 478 00:34:50,429 --> 00:34:53,879 WELCOMING. THEY WANTED US TO UNDERSTAND 479 00:34:53,879 --> 00:34:57,400 ABOUT, YOU KNOW, THEIR FAMILIES, THEIR CULTURE. 480 00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:02,319 THIS IS THE HOME OF THE LADY WHOSE FIRST NAME WAS SOPHIA THAT 481 00:35:02,319 --> 00:35:07,970 IS FROM THE ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT THERE. 482 00:35:07,970 --> 00:35:12,330 SHE AND HER HUSBAND WELCOMED US INTO THEIR HOME, SAMPLED A LOT 483 00:35:12,330 --> 00:35:17,579 OF TRADITIONAL CHILEAN FOOD. AND YEAH, WE DID HAVE SOME 484 00:35:17,579 --> 00:35:22,430 CHILEAN WINE. WE HAD A GOOD TIME THAT EVENING. 485 00:35:22,430 --> 00:35:25,109 NEXT SLIDE. AND, OF COURSE, THE FOLLOWING 486 00:35:25,109 --> 00:35:26,859 NIGHT WE DID THE SAME THING ALL OVER AGAIN. 487 00:35:26,859 --> 00:35:31,240 THIS IS AT DR. DIAZ'S HOME. BUT IT WAS AT THIS POINT THAT 488 00:35:31,240 --> 00:35:37,829 DR. J.D. POLK COMMENTED THAT WHEN WE CAME TO CHILE, WE CAME 489 00:35:37,829 --> 00:35:40,660 AS REPRESENTATIVES OF OUR AGENCY OR REPRESENTATIVES OF OUR 490 00:35:40,660 --> 00:35:45,740 GOVERNMENT, BUT THAT WE WERE ACTUALLY LEAVING AS FRIENDS. 491 00:35:45,740 --> 00:35:49,430 I THINK YOU COULDN'T HAVE SAID THAT BETTER BECAUSE THIS GROUP 492 00:35:49,430 --> 00:35:53,619 OF PEOPLE THAT YOU SEE AROUND THIS TABLE ARE CHILEAN 493 00:35:53,619 --> 00:35:57,210 COLLEAGUE, WHETHER THEY WERE MEDICAL PHYSICIANS, WHETHER THEY 494 00:35:57,210 --> 00:35:59,930 WERE PSYCHOLOGISTS, WHETHER THEY WERE SUBMARINE COMMANDERS AND 495 00:35:59,930 --> 00:36:04,700 ENGINEERS. YOU KNOW, WE ALL BLENDED SO WELL 496 00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:09,770 AND WORKED SO WELL TOGETHER. IT WAS REALLY QUITE REFRESHING. 497 00:36:09,770 --> 00:36:12,960 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. WHEN WE GOT BACK TO OUR HOTEL 498 00:36:12,960 --> 00:36:16,540 THAT NIGHT, OF COURSE, THIS WAS THE 200th ANNIVERSARY OF THE 499 00:36:16,540 --> 00:36:20,290 COUNTRY OF CHILE. AND THEY HAD AN ALL-NIGHT PARTY 500 00:36:20,290 --> 00:36:23,470 GOING ON JUST OUTSIDE OUR HOTEL WHERE THEY WERE PLAYING -- AND 501 00:36:23,470 --> 00:36:28,160 ACTUALLY, THEY WERE SUPPOSED TO COUNT DOWN 1,000 SONGS. 502 00:36:28,160 --> 00:36:31,920 I'M NOT SURE IF THEY WERE INDIVIDUAL SONGS OR THEY'D 503 00:36:31,920 --> 00:36:34,020 REPLAY SOME OF THEM OVER AND OVER AGAIN. 504 00:36:34,020 --> 00:36:37,170 BUT ANYHOW, THEY WERE DOWN TO ABOUT 500 WHEN THIS SLIDE WAS 505 00:36:37,170 --> 00:36:40,119 TAKEN. SO THEY HAD MORE TO GO. 506 00:36:40,119 --> 00:36:42,520 AND THEY WERE STILL PLAYING THE NEXT MORNING WHEN WE LEFT THE 507 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:46,040 HOTEL. NEXT SLIDE. 508 00:36:46,040 --> 00:36:49,230 AFTER WE LEFT, OF COURSE, THINGS CONTINUED TO PROGRESS AT THE 509 00:36:49,230 --> 00:36:52,710 MINE SITE. AS YOU CAN SEE IN THIS SLIDE, WE 510 00:36:52,710 --> 00:36:58,030 HAVE THE PLAN "A" RIG AT THE TOP, THE PLAN "B" RIG KIND OF AT 511 00:36:58,030 --> 00:37:02,680 THE MIDDLE. AND THE PLAN "C" RIG, THE OIL 512 00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:08,770 PLATFORM, AND THE FRONT LEFT-HAND PART OF THIS SLIDE. 513 00:37:08,770 --> 00:37:13,400 NEXT SLIDE. WE ALSO CAME BACK AND CONTINUED 514 00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:15,920 TO WORK. WE EVENTUALLY, INSTEAD OF A 515 00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:22,400 POWER POINT PRESENTATION, WE ACTUALLY WROTE UP A MORE FORMAL 516 00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:25,859 WRITTEN DOCUMENT FOR THE CHILEANS TO REFER TO, THINKING 517 00:37:25,859 --> 00:37:31,140 ABOUT THE MEDICAL SUGGESTIONS AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH SUPPORT, 518 00:37:31,140 --> 00:37:33,319 THINGS LIKE, YOU KNOW, HOW TO KEEP THE MINERS WORKING 519 00:37:33,319 --> 00:37:38,460 TOGETHER, HOW TO STRUCTURE THEIR SHIFTS, HOW TO THINK ABOUT, YOU 520 00:37:38,460 --> 00:37:43,680 KNOW, LIGHTING IN THE TUNNELS IN THEIR WORK AREA, IN THEIR REST 521 00:37:43,680 --> 00:37:51,270 AREA, IN THEIR SLEEP AREA. ALSO IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE THE 522 00:37:51,270 --> 00:37:56,210 RECOMMENDATIONS THAT CLINT CRAIG AND THE TECHNICAL FELLOWS FROM 523 00:37:56,210 --> 00:38:00,839 THE NASC DEVELOPED ON THE EXTRACTION VEHICLE DESIGN. 524 00:38:00,839 --> 00:38:04,109 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. SO IN THIS SLIDE -- AND THIS IS 525 00:38:04,109 --> 00:38:08,940 COURTESY OF THE BBC -- IT LISTS A LOT OF THE THINGS THAT WE 526 00:38:08,940 --> 00:38:11,730 TALKED ABOUT. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE 527 00:38:11,730 --> 00:38:16,690 EXTRACTION VEHICLE ITSELF, THE ROLLERS ON SHOCK ABSORBERS TO 528 00:38:16,690 --> 00:38:21,020 HELP CUSHION THE RIDE AND REDUCE FRICTION AS THIS VEHICLE WAS 529 00:38:21,020 --> 00:38:26,440 TRANSITING THE ROCK SHAFT. THE TOP OF IT WHERE IT WAS, YOU 530 00:38:26,440 --> 00:38:34,160 KNOW, SELF-FITTING INTO THE SHAFT AND PREVENTED FROM GETTING 531 00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:38,680 STUCK. THE FACT THAT THE VEHICLE COULD 532 00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:42,470 ACTUALLY BE SEPARATED AND THE MINER COULD LOWER HIMSELF BACK 533 00:38:42,470 --> 00:38:50,510 DOWN IN THE EVENT THAT THE TOP PART OF THE VEHICLE WOULD GET 534 00:38:50,510 --> 00:38:54,560 STUCK IN THE SHAFT. WE ALSO MADE SOME ADDITIONAL 535 00:38:54,560 --> 00:38:57,450 COMMENTS ABOUT, YOU KNOW, SUPPLYING OXYGEN, HAVING 536 00:38:57,450 --> 00:39:01,109 COMMUNICATIONS. YOU KNOW, THE TAKE-HOMES FROM 537 00:39:01,109 --> 00:39:04,349 THE SPACECRAFT -- OR SPACE FLIGHT ENVIRONMENT, WHEN OUR 538 00:39:04,349 --> 00:39:07,670 ASTRONAUTS COME BACK FROM SPACE, WE DO FLUID LOADING. 539 00:39:07,670 --> 00:39:11,720 WE HAVE SUPPORT STOCKINGS ON THEIR LOWER EXTREMITIES AND 540 00:39:11,720 --> 00:39:18,420 THEIR ABDOMEN ALL IN AN EFFORT TO PREVENT ANY POSSIBILITY OF 541 00:39:18,420 --> 00:39:23,950 PASSING OUT BECAUSE THEY'RE HYPERBOLIMIC AND ALSO PROVIDE 542 00:39:23,950 --> 00:39:30,119 THEM WITH SALT SOLUTIONS PRIOR TO ENTRY. 543 00:39:30,119 --> 00:39:32,670 SO ALL THESE THINGS WERE DONE FOR THE MINERS. 544 00:39:32,670 --> 00:39:35,090 WHEN WE WERE DOWN THERE, THEY WERE THINKING THAT IT MIGHT TAKE 545 00:39:35,090 --> 00:39:39,680 UP TO FOUR HOURS FOR THE TRANSIT TIME FROM 2,200 FEET BELOW 546 00:39:39,680 --> 00:39:42,450 GROUND TO GET TO THE TOP. AS IT TURNED OUT, IT WAS ONLY 547 00:39:42,450 --> 00:39:44,840 ABOUT 15 MINUTES. BUT, YOU KNOW, WE WERE STILL 548 00:39:44,840 --> 00:39:48,410 CONCERNED ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF FAINTING DURING THE COURSE OF 549 00:39:48,410 --> 00:39:50,299 THAT TRANSIT. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 550 00:39:50,299 --> 00:39:59,869 WHILE ON THE NIGHT OF THE FIRST MINER BEING RESCUED, I WAS HAPPY 551 00:39:59,869 --> 00:40:06,450 TO BE AT THE CHILEAN EMBASSY. AND IT WAS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR ME 552 00:40:06,450 --> 00:40:12,059 TO EXPERIENCE THAT WITH THE CHILEAN PEOPLE THAT I HAD REALLY 553 00:40:12,059 --> 00:40:14,589 HAD A WARM PLACE IN MY HEART FOR. 554 00:40:14,589 --> 00:40:20,119 AND IT WAS, YOU KNOW, A CELEBRATION, AS YOU MIGHT WELL 555 00:40:20,119 --> 00:40:23,160 IMAGINE, INCLUDING REPEATING OF THE CHANT CHI-CHI-CHI-! 556 00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:25,700 LE-LE-LE! LOS MINEROS DE CHILE! 557 00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:30,040 AND I THINK PROBABLY A NUMBER OF US WATCHED THROUGHOUT THE COURSE 558 00:40:30,040 --> 00:40:33,490 OF THE NEXT 24 HOURS, THE EXTRACTION OF ALL 33 OF THE 559 00:40:33,490 --> 00:40:34,490 MINERS. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 560 00:40:34,490 --> 00:40:39,309 THIS IS A LITTLE CLOSER-UP VIEW OF THE EXTRACTION CAPSULE. 561 00:40:39,309 --> 00:40:45,849 AND SHOWING YOU THE ANGLE AT WHICH THIS CAPSULE TRANSITED 562 00:40:45,849 --> 00:40:49,869 PRETTY MUCH A STRAIGHT SHOT DOWN TO THE RESCUE CHAMBER. 563 00:40:49,869 --> 00:40:52,790 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. OF COURSE, THIS IS WHAT IT WAS 564 00:40:52,790 --> 00:40:57,770 ALL ABOUT. THE THRILL OF HAVING THESE MEN 565 00:40:57,770 --> 00:41:02,049 REUNITED WITH THEIR FAMILIES WAS JUST REALLY QUITE OVERWHELMING 566 00:41:02,049 --> 00:41:04,339 AT TIMES. NEXT SLIDE. 567 00:41:04,339 --> 00:41:06,539 AND, OF COURSE, IT WAS A GREAT SUCCESS. 568 00:41:06,539 --> 00:41:11,569 NOT ONLY FOR THE SURVIVORS OF THIS ORDEAL, BUT A GREAT SUCCESS 569 00:41:11,569 --> 00:41:15,300 FOR THE PRESIDENT AND HIS GOVERNMENT. 570 00:41:15,300 --> 00:41:19,250 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. THIS IS THE ORDER THAT THE 571 00:41:19,250 --> 00:41:22,650 MINERS CAME OUT IN. AND WE HAD SOME DISCUSSIONS. 572 00:41:22,650 --> 00:41:25,950 YOU KNOW, A LOT OF TIMES IN THE MEDICAL FIELD WHEN WE THINK 573 00:41:25,950 --> 00:41:28,010 ABOUT, WELL, LET'S GET THE WEAKEST AND THE SICKEST OUT 574 00:41:28,010 --> 00:41:32,820 FIRST SO THAT WE CAN START CARE. THE SUBMARINE COMMANDER, CAPTAIN 575 00:41:32,820 --> 00:41:36,079 NAVARRO, SAID, YOU KNOW, IN THE SUBMARINE WORLD, WE WOULD SENT 576 00:41:36,079 --> 00:41:39,490 UP OUR MOST ABLE-BODIED PERSON IF WE HAD TO EVACUATE FROM A 577 00:41:39,490 --> 00:41:44,140 SUBMARINE SO THAT THAT INDIVIDUAL COULD TELL US WHERE 578 00:41:44,140 --> 00:41:47,410 THE PROBLEMS WERE, IF THERE WERE ANY ON THE WAY UP. 579 00:41:47,410 --> 00:41:49,770 AND SO INDEED, THAT'S WHAT WAS DONE. 580 00:41:49,770 --> 00:41:54,960 THE YOUNG MAN THAT CAME UP FIRST WAS FELT TO BE THE MOST 581 00:41:54,960 --> 00:41:58,589 PSYCHOLOGICALLY FIT, THE ONE THAT HAD THE MOST TECHNICAL 582 00:41:58,589 --> 00:42:04,920 KNOW-HOW AND COULD ARTICULATE WHAT THE RIDE WAS LIKE AND WHAT 583 00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:09,670 THEY CAN DO TO IMPROVE IT. AND, OF COURSE, THE LAST MAN OUT 584 00:42:09,670 --> 00:42:15,710 WAS THE GENTLEMAN THAT WAS THE TEAM LEAD FOR ALL OF THE MINERS. 585 00:42:15,710 --> 00:42:21,650 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. THE EXTRACTION VEHICLE, PHOENIX 586 00:42:21,650 --> 00:42:26,140 2, IS ON WORLD TOUR NOW. IT MAY ACTUALLY BE AT THE 587 00:42:26,140 --> 00:42:28,319 SMITHSONIAN SOMETIME IN THE SPRING. 588 00:42:28,319 --> 00:42:31,030 I KNOW THERE ARE SOME NEGOTIATIONS GOING ON BETWEEN 589 00:42:31,030 --> 00:42:34,840 THE STATE DEPARTMENT, THE SMITHSONIAN AND THE CHILEANS 590 00:42:34,840 --> 00:42:40,210 ABOUT BRINGING THAT SO THAT WE ALL CAN SEE THIS VEHICLE. 591 00:42:40,210 --> 00:42:44,020 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. WELL, WE WERE FORTUNATE ENOUGH 592 00:42:44,020 --> 00:42:50,450 TO BE INVITED TO THE WHITE HOUSE. 593 00:42:50,450 --> 00:42:53,730 OUTSIDE OF THE WHITE HOUSE GATE, WE ALL CONGREGATED. 594 00:42:53,730 --> 00:42:56,619 AND YES, THAT'S ME HOLDING A PICTURE OF FLAT SHUTTLE INSTEAD 595 00:42:56,619 --> 00:43:03,240 OF FLAT STANLEY. THE GENTLEMAN THAT DESIGNED THE 596 00:43:03,240 --> 00:43:09,250 DRILL BIT IS STANDING BEHIND THE LADY IN THE WHITE BLOUSE WITH 597 00:43:09,250 --> 00:43:15,000 THE RED JACKET. THE TWO GENTLEMEN ON THE FAR 598 00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:19,020 RIGHT ARE GENTLEMEN THAT WERE BROUGHT BACK FROM AFGHANISTAN 599 00:43:19,020 --> 00:43:21,690 WHERE THEY WERE DRILLING WATER WELLS. 600 00:43:21,690 --> 00:43:26,349 THEY ACTUALLY RAN THE RIG. AND THEN THERE WAS SOME 601 00:43:26,349 --> 00:43:30,720 INDIVIDUALS THERE THAT ACTUALLY REPRESENTED THE FOODSERVICE FIRM 602 00:43:30,720 --> 00:43:36,630 THAT SUPPLIED ABOUT 50,000 MEALS TO THE MINERS DURING THE COURSE 603 00:43:36,630 --> 00:43:38,990 OF THIS ORDEAL. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 604 00:43:38,990 --> 00:43:46,089 IT WAS A GREAT PRIVILEGE TO BE IN THE OVAL OFFICE. 605 00:43:46,089 --> 00:43:50,260 THE PRESIDENT GREETED EVERY ONE OF US INDIVIDUALLY AS WE CAME 606 00:43:50,260 --> 00:43:54,660 THROUGH THE DOOR. HE MADE US FEEL LIKE WE WERE THE 607 00:43:54,660 --> 00:43:59,369 MOST IMPORTANT THING TO HIM AT THAT PARTICULAR TIME. 608 00:43:59,369 --> 00:44:02,400 AND, OF COURSE, IT WAS LATER THAT DAY THAT WE ALL HEARD ON 609 00:44:02,400 --> 00:44:09,390 THE NEWS THAT THESE PRINTER BOMBS HAD BEEN PLACED IN THE 610 00:44:09,390 --> 00:44:13,490 CARGO PLANES. AND SO I'M SURE THAT HE MAY WELL 611 00:44:13,490 --> 00:44:16,691 HAVE HAD THAT KNOWLEDGE AT THE TIME. 612 00:44:16,691 --> 00:44:22,559 BUT WHILE WE WERE THERE, HE WAS VERY GRACIOUS, TALKED TO EACH OF 613 00:44:22,559 --> 00:44:27,859 THE TEAMS INDIVIDUALLY. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 614 00:44:27,859 --> 00:44:31,500 AND HERE HE'S TALKING TO THE GENTLEMEN THAT PROVIDED THE 615 00:44:31,500 --> 00:44:34,920 FOODSERVICE. IF YOU LOOK REALLY CLOSELY, YOU 616 00:44:34,920 --> 00:44:40,119 CAN SEE ME BEHIND AL HOLLAND. AND I'M ACTUALLY LOOKING AWAY. 617 00:44:40,119 --> 00:44:44,109 I REALLY COULDN'T SEE HIM AS HE WAS TALKING. 618 00:44:44,109 --> 00:44:48,020 ONE OF MY FRIENDS BACK AT JOHNSON SPACE CENTER ASKED IF I 619 00:44:48,020 --> 00:44:54,470 HAD SPOTTED A SQUIRREL OUTSIDE THE WINDOW OF THE OVAL OFFICE. 620 00:44:54,470 --> 00:44:58,630 ACTUALLY, THERE WAS NO SQUIRREL. BUT I WAS TAKING IN THE MOMENT. 621 00:44:58,630 --> 00:45:06,039 AND LOOKING AROUND, LOOKING AT THE DESK, THE SENSE OF BEING IN 622 00:45:06,039 --> 00:45:09,470 THAT OFFICE AND THE HISTORY THAT THAT OFFICE HAS SEEN. 623 00:45:09,470 --> 00:45:15,299 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. WE CAME BACK TO NASA 624 00:45:15,299 --> 00:45:18,250 HEADQUARTERS HERE. WE WERE VERY GRACIOUSLY RECEIVED 625 00:45:18,250 --> 00:45:20,710 BY GENERAL BOLDEN AND DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR GARVER. 626 00:45:20,710 --> 00:45:25,390 AND WE WERE PRESENTED THE EXCEPTIONAL ACHIEVEMENT MEDAL. 627 00:45:25,390 --> 00:45:29,030 SO HERE ARE THE FOUR TEAM MEMBERS THAT WENT TO CHILE AND 628 00:45:29,030 --> 00:45:34,000 AL CONDES WHO WORKED TIRELESSLY BEHIND THE SCENES TO MAKE SURE 629 00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:40,380 THAT ALL OF THE NEGOTIATIONS, YOU KNOW, WERE TAKEN CARE OF. 630 00:45:40,380 --> 00:45:44,849 AND IT WAS A TRANSPARENT THING FOR US AS WE WERE WORKING ON THE 631 00:45:44,849 --> 00:45:49,109 TASK AT HAND DOWN IN CHILE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 632 00:45:49,109 --> 00:45:53,450 WE WERE ALSO ENTERED INTO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. 633 00:45:53,450 --> 00:45:57,569 MS. EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, REPRESENTATIVE OF TEXAS, 634 00:45:57,569 --> 00:46:01,150 CONGRATULATED THE NASA TEAM AND ENTERED OUR NAMES INTO THE 635 00:46:01,150 --> 00:46:05,150 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AS HOUSE RESOLUTION NUMBER 1734. 636 00:46:05,150 --> 00:46:09,430 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. AND IN CLOSING, I JUST WANTED TO 637 00:46:09,430 --> 00:46:17,020 MAKE THE COMMENT THAT THE THINGS THAT WE RECOMMENDED TO THE 638 00:46:17,020 --> 00:46:19,799 CHILEANS, THESE ARE THE THINGS THAT WE DO EVERY DAY. 639 00:46:19,799 --> 00:46:23,900 WE WRITE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPACECRAFT, YOU KNOW, WHETHER 640 00:46:23,900 --> 00:46:25,730 THAT'S ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATIONS, WHETHER IT'S 641 00:46:25,730 --> 00:46:32,890 MEDICAL RECOMMENDATIONS, DESIGN THINGS FOR SPACECRAFT, BUT IT 642 00:46:32,890 --> 00:46:37,619 WAS APPLIED IN A DIFFERENT WAY. WE ALSO, YOU KNOW, THINK ABOUT 643 00:46:37,619 --> 00:46:42,069 CONTINGENCIES HERE AT NASA AND PLAN FOR CONTINGENCIES. 644 00:46:42,069 --> 00:46:46,589 SO THOSE KINDS OF THINGS TRANSLATED VERY WELL. 645 00:46:46,589 --> 00:46:51,780 THE OTHER THING ABOUT THIS EMBLEM OF NASA IS THAT IT'S 646 00:46:51,780 --> 00:46:59,760 RECOGNIZED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD AS A QUALITY ORGANIZATION WHERE 647 00:46:59,760 --> 00:47:07,940 SOME OF THE BEST ENGINEERING AND MINES AND ENGINEERING WORKED. 648 00:47:07,940 --> 00:47:13,350 I THINK WE SHOULD ALL TAKE PRIDE IN THE FACT THAT WE ARE A PART 649 00:47:13,350 --> 00:47:17,780 OF SUCH AN ORGANIZATION THAT IS SO WELL RECOGNIZED THROUGHOUT 650 00:47:17,780 --> 00:47:21,280 THE WORLD AND SO WELL RESPECTED. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 651 00:47:21,280 --> 00:47:25,829 FINALLY, THE PRINT'S A LITTLE SMALL HERE. 652 00:47:25,829 --> 00:47:30,490 I APOLOGIZE FOR THAT. A LIST OF PEOPLE THAT FROM AN 653 00:47:30,490 --> 00:47:33,760 ENGINEERING, BEHAVIORAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL STANDPOINT AS WELL 654 00:47:33,760 --> 00:47:37,770 AS INTERSPERSED THROUGH THERE, OTHER PEOPLE THAT HELPED SUPPORT 655 00:47:37,770 --> 00:47:43,440 US, TO HELP GET US PASSPORTS, HELP, YOU KNOW, MAKE SURE, YOU 656 00:47:43,440 --> 00:47:46,289 KNOW, FROM A STATE DEPARTMENT STANDPOINT THAT EVERYTHING WAS 657 00:47:46,289 --> 00:47:49,829 CLEARED AND READY TO GO SO THAT WE COULD GET DOWN THERE AND DO 658 00:47:49,829 --> 00:47:53,109 OUR WORK. AND WE'RE VERY GRATEFUL TO THESE 659 00:47:53,109 --> 00:47:56,220 PEOPLE THAT HELPED TO SUPPORT US. 660 00:47:56,220 --> 00:47:58,440 AND IF WE COULD GO TO THE LAST SLIDE. 661 00:47:58,440 --> 00:48:03,579 AND I'D BE HAPPY TO TAKE ANY QUESTIONS THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE. 662 00:48:03,579 --> 00:48:10,920 I THINK CERTAINLY THE OUTCOME WAS VERY REWARDING AND THAT WE 663 00:48:10,920 --> 00:48:16,359 WERE ABLE TO PARTICIPATE IN SUCH A SUCCESSFUL ENTERPRISE. 664 00:48:16,359 --> 00:48:20,640 BUT JUST THE TRIP ITSELF AND BEING ABLE TO GO DOWN THERE, 665 00:48:20,640 --> 00:48:24,029 MEET THE CHILEAN PEOPLE, UNDERSTAND THEIR -- YOU KNOW, 666 00:48:24,029 --> 00:48:28,261 GET A SENSE OF THEIR SPIRIT, GET A SENSE OF THEIR WARMTH, IT WAS 667 00:48:28,261 --> 00:48:32,599 A VERY REWARDING TRIP FOR US AND ONE THAT WE WERE HAPPY TO 668 00:48:32,599 --> 00:48:34,990 REPRESENT NOT ONLY THIS AGENCY BUT THE COUNTRY. 669 00:48:34,990 --> 00:48:46,729 SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH. SO ANY QUESTIONS? 670 00:48:46,729 --> 00:48:55,930 >> YOU SAID IT WAS 90 DEGREES 671 00:48:55,930 --> 00:48:57,089 BELOW THE SURFACE. YET EVERYONE UP TOP WAS IN 672 00:48:57,089 --> 00:48:58,089 COATS. >> MM-HMM. 673 00:48:58,089 --> 00:49:00,930 WELL, FIRST OF ALL, THINK OF IT THAT WE WERE 800 METERS ABOVE 674 00:49:00,930 --> 00:49:07,809 SEA LEVEL IN THE MOUNTAINS. IT WAS KIND OF THE TAIL END OF 675 00:49:07,809 --> 00:49:12,410 THEIR WINTER. AT NIGHT, THERE WAS NO CLOUD 676 00:49:12,410 --> 00:49:15,240 COVER. SO THERE WAS A LOT OF RADIANT 677 00:49:15,240 --> 00:49:17,789 COOLING. SO IT WOULD BE VERY COOL IN THE 678 00:49:17,789 --> 00:49:20,500 MORNINGS, OVERNIGHT AND IN THE MORNING. 679 00:49:20,500 --> 00:49:22,619 AND THEN IT WOULD WARM UP DURING THE DAY. 680 00:49:22,619 --> 00:49:25,240 YOU PROBABLY SAW SOME OF THE PICTURES WHERE WE WERE CARRYING 681 00:49:25,240 --> 00:49:27,670 OUR COATS AND THAT SORT OF THING. 682 00:49:27,670 --> 00:49:33,000 NOW, DOWN -- THIS IS A VERY SEISMICALLY ACTIVE REGION. 683 00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:36,020 WE THINK THAT PROBABLY SOME OF THE REASON FOR THE HIGH 684 00:49:36,020 --> 00:49:41,470 TEMPERATURES IN THE MINE ITSELF ARE RELATED TO THE FACT THAT 685 00:49:41,470 --> 00:49:45,730 THERE'S A LOT OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY, A LOT OF, YOU KNOW, 686 00:49:45,730 --> 00:49:52,141 HEAT IN THE SUBTERRANEAN LEVELS RELATING TO, YOU KNOW, LAVA AND 687 00:49:52,141 --> 00:49:58,059 THAT SORT OF THING. >> I HAD A QUESTION, TOO. 688 00:49:58,059 --> 00:50:00,789 FIRST OF ALL, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR REPRESENTING NASA SO WELL. 689 00:50:00,789 --> 00:50:03,549 >> THANK YOU. >> IT MAKES ME FEEL PROUD TO 690 00:50:03,549 --> 00:50:05,370 WORK IN THIS ORGANIZATION AS WELL. 691 00:50:05,370 --> 00:50:06,609 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. >> THANK YOU. 692 00:50:06,609 --> 00:50:10,779 I'M CURIOUS TO KNOW, WITH SUCH REDUCED CALORIE CONTENT THAT THE 693 00:50:10,779 --> 00:50:13,970 MINERS HAD INITIALLY, WAS THERE ANY PERSPECTIVE AS TO HOW MUCH 694 00:50:13,970 --> 00:50:16,650 MORE TIME THEY HAD? HAD THEY NOT BEEN DISCOVERED? 695 00:50:16,650 --> 00:50:19,660 JUST ON ROUGH ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE, HOW CLOSE WERE THEY 696 00:50:19,660 --> 00:50:22,609 TO SOMETHING BAD HAPPENING? >> OF COURSE, THAT'S ALWAYS A 697 00:50:22,609 --> 00:50:29,049 HARD QUESTION TO ESTIMATE. YOU KNOW, THERE HAVE BEEN SOME 698 00:50:29,049 --> 00:50:32,641 INDIVIDUALS, I CAN THINK OFF THE TOP OF MY HEAD, A PARTICULAR 699 00:50:32,641 --> 00:50:36,500 INDIVIDUAL THAT WAS IN AN IRISH PRISON THAT WAS MAKING A 700 00:50:36,500 --> 00:50:38,760 STATEMENT BY GOING ON STARVATION. 701 00:50:38,760 --> 00:50:42,320 AND I THINK THAT INDIVIDUAL LASTED SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT WEEKS, 702 00:50:42,320 --> 00:50:45,039 SOMETHING LIKE THAT. SO THAT'S KIND OF PUSHING IT, 703 00:50:45,039 --> 00:50:50,680 YOU KNOW, SIX WEEKS WOULD BE ABOUT THE ABSOLUTE LIMIT. 704 00:50:50,680 --> 00:50:54,349 WITH REGARDS TO CALORIC INTAKE. OF COURSE, YOU KNOW, WITHOUT 705 00:50:54,349 --> 00:50:58,200 WATER, IT WOULD HAVE BEEN MUCH SOONER. 706 00:50:58,200 --> 00:51:02,880 YOU KNOW, THEY WERE -- THEY WERE GETTING NEGLIGIBLE CALORIES, 707 00:51:02,880 --> 00:51:05,740 QUITE FRANKLY. INTERESTINGLY, WHEN WE GOT OUR 708 00:51:05,740 --> 00:51:10,460 FIRST MEDICAL BRIEF, THE MINISTER OF HEALTH SAID, NOW, WE 709 00:51:10,460 --> 00:51:13,170 DO HAVE A PROBLEM. BY THE HEIGHT AND WEIGHT AND 710 00:51:13,170 --> 00:51:17,750 ABDOMINAL GIRTH MEASUREMENTS THAT WE KNEW OF THE MINERS GOING 711 00:51:17,750 --> 00:51:21,750 IN, THERE'S NINE OR TEN OF THESE GUYS THAT AREN'T GOING TO FIT IN 712 00:51:21,750 --> 00:51:25,380 THE CAPSULE BASED ON THE INTERNAL SIZE OF THE RESCUE 713 00:51:25,380 --> 00:51:28,529 CAPSULE AS IT WAS DESIGNED AT THAT TIME. 714 00:51:28,529 --> 00:51:32,039 AND SO IT WAS SOMEWHAT FORTUITOUS THAT BY THE TIME THEY 715 00:51:32,039 --> 00:51:35,660 WERE FOUND, THEY ESTIMATED THAT THE MINERS MAY HAVE LOST, YOU 716 00:51:35,660 --> 00:51:38,710 KNOW, 15, 20 POUNDS. SO THAT KIND OF HELPED. 717 00:51:38,710 --> 00:51:41,770 AND WE DIDN'T WANT TO FATTEN THEM UP TOO MUCH WITH 718 00:51:41,770 --> 00:51:57,150 FOODSTUFFS. OKAY. 719 00:51:57,150 --> 00:51:58,309 >> THANK YOU AGAIN FOR AN EXCELLENT PRESENTATION. 720 00:51:58,309 --> 00:52:00,819 I HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF ALSO BEING HERE TO HEAR DR. POLK 721 00:52:00,819 --> 00:52:05,559 PRESENT ON THIS AS WELL. YOU'VE BOTH BEEN VERY HUMBLE 722 00:52:05,559 --> 00:52:10,250 ABOUT YOUR ACTIVITIES IN THIS AREA. 723 00:52:10,250 --> 00:52:15,110 AND RIGHTFULLY SO CREDIT TO THE CHILEANS FOR THEIR ENDEAVORS AND 724 00:52:15,110 --> 00:52:17,220 THEIR ACTIVITIES. BUT I WONDER IF YOU COULD SPEAK 725 00:52:17,220 --> 00:52:20,609 A LITTLE BIT MORE SPECIFICALLY ON EXACTLY THE KINDS OF THINGS 726 00:52:20,609 --> 00:52:24,819 FROM A MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE WE WERE ABLE TO SHARE WITH THE 727 00:52:24,819 --> 00:52:28,269 CHILEANS, WHAT THEY WERE ABLE TO PUT TO USE. 728 00:52:28,269 --> 00:52:30,380 >> SURE. I THINK THAT IT'S, AS YOU 729 00:52:30,380 --> 00:52:35,550 POINTED OUT, VERY IMPORTANT FOR US TO RECOGNIZE THAT WE WERE 730 00:52:35,550 --> 00:52:39,920 THERE AS CONSULTANTS. AND ANY OF THE THINGS THAT WE 731 00:52:39,920 --> 00:52:43,559 TALKED TO THEM ABOUT WERE PROVIDED TO THEM FOR THEIR 732 00:52:43,559 --> 00:52:46,750 CONSIDERATION. WE DID NOT DO DIRECT MEDICAL 733 00:52:46,750 --> 00:52:48,549 CARE. WE DID NOT DO DIRECT PSYCH 734 00:52:48,549 --> 00:52:52,740 SUPPORT, WE DID NOT DO DIRECT ENGINEERING, DESIGN WORK OR ANY 735 00:52:52,740 --> 00:52:57,039 OF THE BUILDING. IT WAS ALL A CHILEAN EFFORT. 736 00:52:57,039 --> 00:53:00,400 AND THEY WERE, QUITE FRANKLY, WRITING THE BOOK ON HOW YOU'D DO 737 00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:05,339 A RESCUE OF 33 MEN FROM 2,200 FEET BELOW THE SURFACE IN THESE 738 00:53:05,339 --> 00:53:09,819 KINDS OF CONDITIONS. SO IT'S VERY IMPORTANT FOR US TO 739 00:53:09,819 --> 00:53:13,180 UNDERSTAND THAT THE CHILEANS WERE THE ONES THAT MADE THE 740 00:53:13,180 --> 00:53:19,250 DECISIONS AND EXECUTED THE RESCUE ITSELF. 741 00:53:19,250 --> 00:53:25,170 BUT IN TERMS OF THE MEDICAL THINGS, FOR EXAMPLE, IN OUR 742 00:53:25,170 --> 00:53:29,880 ANALOG ENVIRONMENTS THAT WE DEAL WITH, FOR EXAMPLE, IN ANTARCTICA 743 00:53:29,880 --> 00:53:35,140 OR IN THE SPACE FLIGHT ENVIRONMENT, WE HAVE TO REPLACE 744 00:53:35,140 --> 00:53:38,420 VITAMIN D. AND VITAMIN D HAS BEEN IN THE 745 00:53:38,420 --> 00:53:41,450 NEWS LAST WEEK WHERE THE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE SAID THAT, 746 00:53:41,450 --> 00:53:46,079 YOU KNOW, 600 INTERNATIONAL UNITS OF VITAMIN D DAILY SHOULD 747 00:53:46,079 --> 00:53:50,160 BE SUFFICIENT FOR THE AVERAGE PERSON TO TAKE AND MAINTAIN 748 00:53:50,160 --> 00:53:56,060 THEIR VITAMIN D LEVELS IN THEIR BLOODSTREAM AND IN THEIR BODY. 749 00:53:56,060 --> 00:53:58,710 WE HAVE FOUND THAT NOT TO BE SUFFICIENT. 750 00:53:58,710 --> 00:54:03,609 AND WE TEND TO REPLACE ABOUT 2,000 INTERNATIONAL UNITS PER 751 00:54:03,609 --> 00:54:08,160 DAY. AND THERE ARE OTHER -- THERE'S 752 00:54:08,160 --> 00:54:11,900 OTHER RESEARCH OUT THERE THAT SAYS IF YOU DO 50,000 UNITS ONCE 753 00:54:11,900 --> 00:54:16,180 A MONTH, THAT THAT WOULD ALSO MAINTAIN YOUR VITAMIN D STORE. 754 00:54:16,180 --> 00:54:20,280 SO THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING THAT WE TALKED TO THE 755 00:54:20,280 --> 00:54:23,160 CHILEANS ABOUT IN TERMS OF HOW TO MANAGE THE VITAMIN 756 00:54:23,160 --> 00:54:29,789 SUPPLEMENTATION FOR THE MINERS. THE REFEEDING OF THE MINERS WAS 757 00:54:29,789 --> 00:54:32,450 VERY CRITICAL IN ITSELF. WHEN YOU HAVE SOMEBODY THAT'S IN 758 00:54:32,450 --> 00:54:38,770 A STARVATION STANDPOINT, WE LEARNED THIS FROM, YOU KNOW, 759 00:54:38,770 --> 00:54:44,190 CONCENTRATION CAMP VICTIMS OR PRISONERS OF WAR. 760 00:54:44,190 --> 00:54:48,430 WHEN THEY GET OUT OF THOSE KINDS OF ENVIRONMENTS AND NOW FOOD IS 761 00:54:48,430 --> 00:54:53,869 AVAILABLE, YOU CAN'T JUST FEED THEM ANYTHING AND AS MUCH AS 762 00:54:53,869 --> 00:54:56,500 THEY WANT. IT NEEDS TO -- YOU NEED TO START 763 00:54:56,500 --> 00:54:59,760 REFEEDING THEM SLOWLY, MAKE SURE THERE'S A PROPER COMBINATION OF 764 00:54:59,760 --> 00:55:06,539 CARBOHYDRATE, FAT AND PROTEIN, VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION, MINERAL 765 00:55:06,539 --> 00:55:09,140 SUPPLEMENTATION. SO THESE ARE THE KINDS OF THINGS 766 00:55:09,140 --> 00:55:14,310 THAT WE TALKED TO THEM ABOUT IN ADDITION TO MAKE SURE THAT THE 767 00:55:14,310 --> 00:55:17,440 REFEEDING PLAN WENT WELL. AND THEY HAD AN EXCELLENT HANDLE 768 00:55:17,440 --> 00:55:20,460 ON THE REFEEDING. ALSO, THE FACT THAT THEY WERE 769 00:55:20,460 --> 00:55:23,480 WORKING WITH THESE PALOMAS, THEY COULD ONLY GET SO MUCH FOOD TO 770 00:55:23,480 --> 00:55:26,829 THEM TO BEGIN WITH. AND SO THAT KIND OF HELPED IN 771 00:55:26,829 --> 00:55:30,299 THE REFEEDING PLAN ITSELF AS WELL. 772 00:55:30,299 --> 00:55:33,500 I THINK THAT IS ALL WE HAVE TIME FOR TODAY. 773 00:55:33,500 --> 00:55:39,650 IT'S CERTAINLY BEEN MY PLEASURE TO RELAY TO YOU OUR EXPERIENCES 774 00:55:39,650 --> 00:55:43,589 IN WORKING WITH THE CHILEANS AND THE SUCCESSFUL EFFORT OF THE 775 00:55:43,589 --> 00:55:49,079 MINERS. AND IT WAS TRULY A VERY WARM AND